This article critically analyzes and quantified the extent to which social determinants of health explains health inequalities regarding maternal mortality in Nigeria. Evidence suggests that maternal mortality is predominant in developing countries. This formed the rationale in using Nigeria as a case study for critical analysis. This study showed the relationship between social status/determinants, health inequalities and maternal mortality outcomes in Nigeria. Using a critical analytical approach, this study shows that access to a good health care by maternal patients depends on a number of social determinants (such as education/awareness, income level/unemployment, cultural beliefs, insecurity, environmental conditions and healthcare decline/lackadaisical attitude displayed by some health workers in some parts of Nigeria) which can be linked to explain health inequalities that results in maternal mortality in Nigeria. To tackle inequalities, this study recommends targeted social policy reforms and maternal program/education for affected populace in Nigeria.

Food poisoning, is an acute disease caused by the consumption of contaminated, spoiled or toxic foods as a result of poor hygiene, poor packaging and ignorance of the consumer. The major sources of food poisoning are viruses, bacteria and parasites. Reports show that Asia and the sub-Saharan have the highest case of illness which can be traced back to food poisoning and in Nigeria, about 200,000 cases of Nigerians death was as a result of food poisoning. Other factors that contribute to food poisoning are food allergies, about 4-8% of human beings have food allergies especially in developed countries although the sensitivity levels vary. Microbial contamination which is caused by infectious organisms is also another major factor that contributes to food poisoning. Infectious organisms like rodents deposits pathogens that are toxic to human health into the soil, fruits and water supplies. Pathogens like; Staphylococcus aureus, Toxoplasma spp., Streptobacillus moniliformis, Trichinella spp., Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, and Hantaviruses can be deposited by rodents. This article helps to elucidate the dangers of consuming poisonous foods, factors to look out for in food processing and packaging and the important causes of food poisoning.

This article examines the state of Catfish production in Nigeria and the roles technology has played over the past decades. Heightened demand as a result of increased population puts considerable pressure on production. In response to this pressure aquaculturists ramped up production activities, this demand-driven increase exposes the major gaps as the industry struggles to cope with the absence of fundamental structures like inadequate structured funding, markets, processing and preservation facilities among others. Such gaps exist in all aspects of aquaculture and technology is a viable plug for many of them. The aquaculture of developing nations has certain peculiarities which predispose it to slow development. Many fishermen and aquaculturists in low-income regions are trapped in economic systems that result in relative poverty. Many reasons have been put forward to explain the dynamics behind these consequences with technology playing a major role from the consensus. Rapid advances in hatchery, water quality and molecular technology have been identified as some of the active drivers of Catfish production in Nigeria. The article focuses on the history, progress and prospects of aquaculture technology in Nigeria. It does so by reviewing the technologies already established in Catfish farming and the impact of their roles in balancing fish demand and supply.

The HIV epidemic remains a public health challenge in Nigeria, with about 1.9 million people living with the virus in 2020. Despite progress in controlling the epidemic, challenges remain, including inadequate funding and limited access to prevention and treatment services for key populations. This article provides an overview of the HIV control system in Nigeria and the current state of the HIV control system in Nigeria. It provides recommendations for strengthening the response to the epidemic. Contributions of government agencies, international partners, and civil society organizations are required to reduce this epidemic. This article highlights the need to strengthen surveillance systems, increase access to testing and treatment, enhance prevention strategies, address stigma and discrimination, increase funding, and expand research and development. The impact of antiretroviral therapy on HIV management is also discussed. Over the last decade, Nigeria has made significant progress in controlling the HIV epidemic, with a decline in new infections and increased treatment coverage. However, more work is needed to achieve the 95-95-95 targets set by the joint united nations programme on HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome for 2030, and a multi-pronged approach is required to address the social and structural determinants of health that drive the epidemic. By implementing the recommendations outlined in this article, Nigeria can make significant progress towards ending the HIV epidemic and improving the quality of life for those living with the virus.