Endophytic fungi are the plant symbiont with highly diverse nature and poorly de ned ecological importance in host tness. Although there are the reports on the isolation and characterization of fungal endophytes from a variety of hosts, there is still no report of Alternaria alternata from Jatropha heynei. Among numerous natural alternative sources, fungal endophytes produce a wide range of structurally diverse bioactive metabolites including antibacterial and anticancer compounds. In this study, an endophytic A. alternata was isolated from J. heynei. The ethylacetate extract of A. alternata was characterized by QTOF-HRLCMS analysis resulted in detection of bioactive compounds include kigelinone, levofuraltadone with antibacterial property and 2-hydroxychrysophanol, isoathyriol, glycophymoline, columbianetin and kaempferol 3-O-β-Dgalactoside with cytotoxic properties. The metabolites of A. alternata showed signi cant antibacterial activity against tested clinical bacterial strains by well diffusion method. The high zone of inhibition recorded against Gram positive Enterococcus faecalis (14 ± 00 mm), and Gram-negative Pseudomonas syringae (19.66 ± 0.57 mm) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.66 ± 0.57 mm). The in-vitro anticancer activity of fungal extract by MTT assay displayed signi cant cytotoxic effect towards Human lung carcinoma cancer cells (A549) with IC 50 value of 393.52 µgml − 1 and no cytotoxic effect to Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) was observed. Further, antibacterial and anticancer spectral compounds of A. alternata were subjected molecular docking analysis with antibacterial target proteins such as tellurite resistance protein (2JXU), Indole-3acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (5IUU), Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (5Y63) and with anticancer target human apoptotic regulator protein (1G5M). Results of the docking study demonstrated that spectral compounds Kigelinone, Levofuraltadone, 2-Hydroxychrysophanol and Isoathyriol have signi cant binding modes, with the best binding energy score with their respective antibacterial and anticancer target proteins. The endophytic fungi A. alternata in J. heynei can be a promising fungus that has broad spectrum antibacterial activity and anticancer property may provide future insight towards the production of bioactive ompounds.

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In the present study, the leaf, fruit, and root samples of Jatropha heynei were incubated using potato dextrose agar, malt extract agar, czapek dox agar, and water agar methods to determine colonization frequency and diversity indices of endophytic fungi. Thirty three endophytic fungal species of 20 genera were recovered from 5,400 segments of J. heynei and were identified based on their morphological characteristics. Species richness was high in leaf followed by root and fruit. Diversity indices varied depending on the season and different plant parts. The metabolites of endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum were tested for antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic studies in vitro. The culture filtrate (CF) extract of P. citrinum showed high antibacterial activity to Pseudomonas syringae (zone of inhibition 17.65 ± 1 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (zone of inhibition 16.32 ± 0.5 mm). The antioxidant potential was determined by cyclic voltammetry method based on the detection of redox potential of metabolites. The CF extract exhibited significant cytotoxic effect in both A549 and MCF-7 cell lines at 500 µg ml −1 with IC 50 values of 280.7 and 283.0 µg ml −1 , respectively. Orbitrap high resolution liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (OHR-LCMS) analysis of CF extract documented 21 bio-active compounds; major compounds include 8-hydroxyquinoline, trigonelline, spectinomycin, psoralidin, nicotinic acid, kanosamine, sulfamethazine, artemisinin, and other compounds with bioactive properties. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups that are attributed to antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer compounds profiled in the OHR-LCMS.

Endophytic fungi are the plant symbiont with highly diverse nature and poorly defined ecological importance in host fitness. Although there are the reports on the isolation and characterization of fungal endophytes from a variety of hosts, there is still no report of Alternaria alternata from Jatropha heynei. Among numerous natural alternative sources, fungal endophytes produce a wide range of structurally diverse bioactive metabolites including antibacterial and anticancer compounds. In this study, an endophytic A. alternata was isolated from J. heynei. The ethylacetate extract of A. alternata was characterized by QTOF-HRLCMS analysis resulted in detection of bioactive compounds include kigelinone, levofuraltadone with antibacterial property and 2-hydroxychrysophanol, isoathyriol, glycophymoline, columbianetin and kaempferol 3-O-β-D- galactoside with cytotoxic properties. The metabolites of A. alternata showed significant antibacterial activity against tested clinical bacterial strains by well diffusion method. The high zone of inhibition recorded against Gram positive Enterococcus faecalis (14 ± 00 mm), and Gram-negative Pseudomonas syringae (19.66 ± 0.57 mm) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.66 ± 0.57 mm). The in-vitro anticancer activity of fungal extract by MTT assay displayed significant cytotoxic effect towards Human lung carcinoma cancer cells (A549) with IC50 value of 393.52 µgml− 1 and no cytotoxic effect to Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) was observed. Further, antibacterial and anticancer spectral compounds of A. alternata were subjected molecular docking analysis with antibacterial target proteins such as tellurite resistance protein (2JXU), Indole-3-acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (5IUU), Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (5Y63) and with anticancer target human apoptotic regulator protein (1G5M). Results of the docking study demonstrated that spectral compounds Kigelinone, Levofuraltadone, 2-Hydroxychrysophanol and Isoathyriol have significant binding modes, with the best binding energy score with their respective antibacterial and anticancer target proteins. The endophytic fungi A. alternata in J. heynei can be a promising fungus that has broad spectrum antibacterial activity and anticancer property may provide future insight towards the production of bioactive ompounds.