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Introduction: Problem based learning and Activity based learning are the resultants of change in the teachinglearning strategy in modern education. Many higher learning institutes all over the world have implemented PBL and ABL in their teaching sessions. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of PBL and ABL in perceiving Anatomy among the Physiotherapy students. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on the first year B.PT students(bachelor of Physiotherapy) of the Paramedical Vigyan Mahavidhyalaya, saifai,Etawah, Uttarpradesh.The study was conducted for a period of 4 weeks. A total of 40 students were selected after taking consent for their participation in the study by simple randomization and was randomly assigned into two groups experimental Group A with 20 students (n=20) and Group B (control group (n=20) in each group by lottery method after satisfying the inclusion criteria. The outcomes of the study were analyzed by a feedback questionnaire consisting of 10 items with a three point linkert scale and an objective assessment for score of 10 by MCQ questionnaire based on higher domains of bloom's taxonomy of learning objectives Results: The outcomes of the study were analyzed by a feedback questionnaire consisting of 10 items with a three point linkert scale and an objective assessment for score of 10 by MCQ questionnaire based on bloom's taxonomy of learning objectives. All values were tabulated and statistically analyzed by means of independent't' test. The mean of Likert scale scores of Group A is 26.2(S.D =2.24) and Group B is the 23.05 (SD=1.77) with t value 4.792, p value is 0.00013 hence p <0.05. The mean of Objective assessment in Group A is 6.35 (SD=1.01) and Group B is 5.2 (SD=1.66) with t value is 2.572, p value is o.oo7, hence p < 0.05 Thus from the above statistical data of Likert scale and Objective assessment, Group A is significantly different than Group B with p<0.05, i.e 95% of significance. Conclusion: Problem Based learning is found efficient over Activity based learning in Perceiving Anatomy by the Physiotherapy students.

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Purpose: the study aims to investigate the refractive error and their impact on the cervical spine. Methods: A total of 106 subjects were recruited after satisfying inclusion criteria and informed written consent. The subjects were asked to fill the questionnaire related to neck discomfort and refractory errors by Goggle forms. Based on whether the subjects wear spectacles or not they are divided into Group A subjects wearing spectacles and group B subjects with non-spectacles. Later the subjects were divided on the basis of refractory error into 4 subgroups; group M (Myopia), group H (Hyperopia), Group P (Presbyopia) and Group T (Astigmatism). Results: The mean neck discomfort levels were higher in Group A than Group B and the results showed us that there was a statistically significant difference at p<0.05. The neck discomfort levels were higher in Myopia subjects (group M), but the results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Myopia is the most common refractive error in young adult population .The subjects wearing spectacles have a large impact on neck discomfort in comparison with the subjects not wearing spectacles.

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