Roads can fragment animal populations by disrupting movement among formerly continuoushabitats. Although models have demonstrated that disrupted movement can contribute to long-term extinction, there are few empirical data on the effects of roads on animal movement. We used displacement and homing experiments to determine whether forest roads are barriers to the movement of terrestrial salamanders. We displaced 1471 red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) across five forest roads and compared return rates to those of salamanders displaced equal distances toward the forest interior. Roads significantly reduced the return rate of salamanders, with a mean reduction of 51%. Steep roadside verges further reduced return rates, particularly for salamanders moving downhill across verges. The permeability of roads to salamander movement did not appear to be related to road surface type. Gravel roads had both the highest and lowest observed permeability with the two paved roads intermediate between these. We conclude that narrow forest roads are partial barriers to salamander movement and that steep roadside verges may exacerbate these effects. Carreteras en Bosques como Barreras Parciales para el Movimiento de Salamandras TerrestresResumen: Las carreteras pueden fragmentar a las poblaciones animales al interrumpir el movimiento entre hábitats anteriormente continuos. Aunque los modelos han demostrado que la interrupción de movimiento puede contribuir a la extinción en el largo plazo, existen pocos datos empíricos sobre los efectos de carreteras sobre el movimiento de animales. Utilizamos experimentos de desplazamiento y de orientación para determinar si las carreteras en bosques son barreras para el movimiento de salamandras terrestres. Desplazamos a 1471 individuos de Plethodon cinereus a través de cinco carreteras y comparamos sus tasas de retorno con las de salamandras que fueron desplazadas a distancias equivalentes hacia el interior del bosque. Las carreteras aparentemente redujeron la tasa de retorno de salamandras, con una reducción media de 51%. Los bordes de carretera empinados redujeron aun más las tasas de retorno, particularmente para salamandras atravesando bordes cuesta abajo. La permeabilidad de las carreteras al movimiento de salamandras no pareció estar relacionado con el tipo de superficie de la carretera. Las carreteras cubiertas con grava tuvieron tanto la permeabilidad más alta como la más baja y las dos carreteras pavimentadas fueron intermedias entre las cubiertas con grava. Concluimos que las carreteras angostas son barreras parciales para el movimiento de salamandras y los bordes de carretera empinados pueden exacerbar estos efectos.Palabras Clave: anfibios, dispersión, fragmentación de hábitat, Plethodon cinereus, resistencia al paisaje

The coronoid process has been shown to play a critical role in ulnohumeral stability. Coronoid process fractures can occur in isolation or as part of a complex injury pattern. The most common complex pattern, known as the "terrible triad," includes a radial head fracture and elbow dislocation along with the coronoid fracture. Failure to address these fractures and ligamentous injuries can result in recurrent instability and progression to painful arthrosis. Both medial and lateral approaches to the coronoid have been popularized in recent literature, but there is no universally accepted approach. Common fixation techniques include suture lasso, suture anchors, lag screws, and plating all of which have various drawbacks. We describe a direct anterior approach to address coronoid process fractures made in addition to a lateral approach to address radial head and lateral collateral ligament injuries. Coronoid fractures addressed through the anterior approach were stabilized with anterior to posterior screw fixation combined with buttress plating, which allowed anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation at short-term follow-up.

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