Teeth move through alveolar bone, whether through the normal process of tooth eruption or by strains generated by orthodontic appliances. Both eruption and orthodontics accomplish this feat through similar fundamental biological processes, osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis, but there are differences that make their mechanisms unique. A better appreciation of the molecular and cellular events that regulate osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis in eruption and orthodontics is not only central to our understanding of how these processes occur, but also is needed for ultimate development of the means to control them. Possible future studies in these areas are also discussed, with particular emphasis on translation of fundamental knowledge to improve dental treatments.

No abstract

Brain radiation impairs cognition, associated with neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation. • Ultra-rapid FLASH produced reduced cognitive deficits vs. conventional delivery time. • Loss of hippocampal dendritic spines and neuroinflammation were less evident after FLASH. • These factors may mediate the improved therapeutic index of FLASH brain irradiation.

No abstract