The number of ACEs showed a graded relationship to frequent headaches in adults. Future studies should examine general populations with headache, and carefully classify them. A better understanding of the link between ACEs and migraine may lead to new knowledge regarding pathophysiology and enhanced additional therapies for headache patients.

Background and Purpose-There is mounting evidence of endothelial activation and dysfunction in migraine. Our objectives were to determine in a population of premenopausal women whether endothelial activation markers are associated with migraine. Methods-Women (18 to 50 years) with and without migraine and free from cardiovascular disease were evaluated with tests of coagulation (von Willebrand factor activity, prothrombin fragment), fibrinolysis (tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen), inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), and oxidative stress (homocysteine, total nitrate/nitrite concentrations, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances). Results-Sixty-one participants had migraine with aura (MA), 64 had migraine without aura (MO), and 50 were controls.Compared with controls, women with migraine had higher adjusted odds ratios for elevated von Willebrand factor activity of 6.51 (95% CI,

Objectives.-To examine the prevalence of childhood maltreatment and adult revictimization in migraineurs and the association with sociodemographic factors, depression and anxiety.Background.-Population and practice-based studies have demonstrated an association of childhood abuse and headache in adults, although further details on headache diagnoses, characteristics, and comorbid conditions are lacking. There are mounting data suggesting substantial impact of early maltreatment on adult physical and mental health.Methods.-Electronic surveys were completed by patients seeking treatment in 11 headache centers across the United States and Canada. Physicians determined the primary headache diagnoses based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders-2 criteria and average monthly headache frequency. Self-reported information on demographics (including body mass index), social history, and physician-diagnosed depression and anxiety was collected. The survey also included validated screening measures for current depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) and anxiety (The Beck Anxiety Inventory). History and severity of childhood (<18 years) abuse (sexual, emotional, and physical) and neglect (emotional and physical) was gathered using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. There were also queries regarding adult physical and sexual abuse, including age of occurrence. Analysis includes all persons with migraine with aura, and migraine without aura.Results.-A total of 1348 migraineurs (88% women) were included (mean age 41 years). Diagnosis of migraine with aura was recorded in 40% and chronic headache (Ն15 days/month) was reported by 34%. The prevalence of childhood maltreatment types was as follows: physical abuse 21%, sexual abuse 25%, emotional abuse 38%, physical neglect 22%, and emotional neglect 38%. Nine percent reported all 3 categories of childhood abuse (physical, sexual, and emotional) and 17% reported both physical and emotional neglect. Overlap between maltreatment types ranged between 40% and 81%. Of those reporting childhood abuse, 43% reported abuse in adulthood, but infrequently (17%) over the age of 30 years. In logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic variables, current depression was associated with physical (P = .003), sexual (P = .007), and emotional abuse (P < .001), and physical and emotional neglect (P = .001 for both). Current anxiety was also associated with all childhood abuse and neglect categories (P < .001 for all). A graded relationship was observed between the number of childhood maltreatment types and remote or current depression and anxiety. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, migraineurs reporting 3 or more categories of childhood trauma were more likely to have received diagnoses of both depression From the University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA

Symptoms of CA in migraine were associated with current anxiety, depression, and several chronic pain conditions. A graded relationship was observed between number of allodynic symptoms and the number of pain conditions, even after adjusting for confounding factors. This study also presents the novel association of CA symptoms with younger age of migraine onset, and with cigarette smoking, in addition to confirming several previously reported findings.