Non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) inhibit hydroxyapatite (HA; Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH) formation in living organisms by binding to nascent nuclei of HA and preventing their further growth. Polar and charged amino acids (AAs) are highly expressed in NCPs, and the negatively charged ones, such as glutamic acid (Glu) and phosphoserine (P-Ser) seem to be mainly responsible for the inhibitory effect of NCPs. Despite the recognized importance of these AAs on the behaviour of NCPs, their specific effect on HA crystallization is still unclear, and controversial results have been reported concerning the efficacy of HA inhibition of positively versus negatively charged AAs. We focused on a positively charged (arginine, Arg) and a negatively charged (Glu) AA, and their combination in the same solution. We studied their inhibitory effect on HA nucleation and growth at physiological temperature and pH and we determined the mechanism by which they can affect HA crystallization. Our results showed a strong inhibitory effect of Arg on HA nucleation; however, Glu was more effective in inhibiting HA crystal growth during the growth stage. The combination of Glu and Arg was less effective in controlling HA nucleation, but it inhibited HA crystal growth. We attributed these differences to the stability of complexes formed between AAs and calcium and phosphate ions at the nucleation stage, and in bonding strength of AAs to HA crystal faces during the growth stage. The AAs also influenced the morphology of synthesized HA. Presence of either Arg or Glu resulted in the formation of spherulites consisting of preferentially oriented nanoplatelets orientation. This was attributed to kinetic factors favoring growth front nucleation (GFN) mechanism.

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Zeolite X powder was synthesized using natural low-grade diatomite as the main source of Si but only as a partial source of Al via a simple and green hydrothermal method. The microstructure and surface properties of the obtained samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF), calcium ion exchange capacity (CEC), thermogravimetric-differential thermal (TG-DTA) analysis, and N2 adsorption-desorption technique. The influence of various synthesis factors, including aging time and temperature, crystallization time and temperature, Na2O/SiO2 and H2O/Na2O ratio on the CEC of zeolite, were systematically investigated. The as-synthesized zeolite X with binary meso-microporous structure possessed remarkable thermal stability, high calcium ion exchange capacity of 248 mg/g and large surface area of 453 m2/g. In addition, the calcium ion exchange capacity of zeolite X was found to be mainly determined by the crystallization degree. In conclusion, the synthesized zeolite X using diatomite as a cost-effective raw material in this study has great potential for industrial application such as catalyst support and adsorbent.

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