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ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to (1) Identify the prevalence of workplace violence among doctors in Liaoning, China. (2) Examine the relationships between workplace violence and psychological capital with depressive symptoms and burn-out in Chinese doctors.DesignA quantitative, cross-sectional study.SettingEight hospitals in Liaoning Province were surveyed using a self-reported questionnaire.ParticipantsThe study population comprised 1800 doctors. Ultimately 1392 doctors completed valid questionnaires with a response rate of 77.3%.ResultsThe prevalence of workplace violence was 77.5%. Compared with other types of workplace violence, the prevalence of psychological aggression was the highest (72.7%). Workplace violence (depressive symptoms: β[95% CI]=0.11 [0.06, 0.16]; emotional exhaustion: β[95% CI]=0.18 [0.13, 0.23]; depersonalisation: β[95% CI]=0.17 [0.12, 0.22]) and psychological capital (depressive symptoms: β[95% CI]=−0.32 [−0.37, –0.27]; emotional exhaustion: β[95% CI]=−0.23 [−0.28, –0.18]; depersonalisation: β[95% CI]=−0.23 [−0.28, –0.18]) were associated with depressive symptoms and burn-out. Workplace violence increased the level of depressive symptoms and burn-out by damaging psychological capital (depressive symptoms: a*b=1.61, bias-corrected and accelerated [BCa] 95% CI 1.08 to 2.25; emotional exhaustion: a*b=1.29, BCa 95% CI 0.86 to 1.83; depersonalisation: a*b=0.70, BCa 95% CI 0.45 to 1.00).ConclusionsIn China, most doctors will be exposed to workplace violence, especially psychological aggression. A safer work environment and psychological capital development may be considered in prevention and treatment strategies for improving mental health.

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) promotes pterygium and cataract development in the human eye. When outdoors, people are subject to varying ocular UVR exposure intensity depending on time of day and orientation to the sun. To assess this variability, a manikin eye was exposed to solar UVR at 12 rotation angles relative to the sun with a solar elevation angle (SEA) ranging from 24.6° to 88.2°. At rotation angles of 0°, 30°, and 330°, the diurnal variation of ocular UVR exposure intensity showed a bimodal distribution that peaked at a SEA of about 40°, which was 3 to 4 hr both before and after noon. This timing differed from peak environmental UVR exposure intensity. At the other rotation angles, diurnal variations in ocular UV exposure exhibited unimodal curves, with maximum intensity around noon, the same as for environmental UVR. Thus, the idea that UVR exposure is most intense at midday is true for skin surfaces positioned somewhat horizontally but not for the eyes in a 60° arc with a centerline toward the sun (i.e., ranging 30° clockwise or counter-clockwise from the centerline). Maintaining certain orientations relative to the sun's position (for example, being clockwise or counter-clockwise by 30° from the sun) should effectively reduce ocular UVR exposure, especially at times when the SEA is 40°.

The association between exposure to air pollution and mental health has not been adequately studied. Accordingly, this study aimed to explore the association between exposure to ambient air pollution and mental health status among female college students. We performed a cross-sectional study involving female students attending college located in Anshan, a heavy industry city in Northeast China. The investigation was performed using electronic questionnaires including the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Cornell Medical Index (CMI), and general well-being (GWB) scale between March and April 2017. The individual daily average of time spent outdoors in each season was used as an indicator of exposure to ambient air pollution. The association between mental health status and exposure to ambient air pollution was analyzed using general linear regression. Of the 412 female participants, 346 (83.98%) submitted valid questionnaires. Multivariate linear regression indicated that GWB was negatively associated with the SCL-90 score, and annual average daily outdoor time and sleep quality were positively associated with the SCL-90 score. This study demonstrated that exposure to ambient air pollution may be a risk factor for mental health problems among female college students.

Maternal PND may be a risk factor for a child's lower IQ. More studies of high methodological quality may be needed.