The modelling of non-linear stifaffess, based on elastic characteristic moduli for stiff geomaterials, is proposed, on the basis of the results of a large number of triaxial compression tests on sedimentary soft rocks, tuff, weathered granite, cement-treated soils, densely compacted gravels and sands. Axial strains from less than 0·001% to about 1% were measured by using a local gauge, while elastic Young's moduli E sbp e were obtained by applying a series of small unload/reload cycles of axial stress during each monotonic loading test. Strain increments less than about 0·001% were nearly recoverable and strain-rate-independent. For sedimentary soft rocks and cement-treated soils, the elastic Young's moduli E e from laboratory tests using high-quality undisturbed samples were very similar to the equivalent values obtained from field seismic surveys. The dependence of E e on stress state is summarized, and the effects of geomaterial type are analysed. The non-linearity during shear deformation is regarded as being caused by damage to the elastic deformation properties and the occurrence of plastic strains. The effects of cementation and structuration on elastic deformation properties are discussed. A method to estimate the tangent Young's modulus E sub tan /sub of a given geomaterial at a given stress state from the E e value evaluated by field seismic surveys and the non-linear tangent stifaffess model is proposed. L'article prisente une mod6lisation de la rigidité non linéaire basée sur les modules d'élasticité de matériaux rigides, qui repose sur les résultats d'un grand nombre d'essais de compression triaxiale sur des ruches tendres sédimentaires, du tuf, du granit désagrégé, des sols traités au ciment, des graviers fortement tassés et des sables. Un extensomètre local a permis de me-surer des contraintes axiales allant de moins de 0,001% a 1% environ, tandis qu'une série de cycles de décharge/recharge de contraintes axiales pendant chaque essai de charge monotone a permis d'obtenir des modules d'élasticité E e de Young. Les écarts de contrainte de moins de 0,001% étaient presque récupérables et ne dé- pendaient pas du taux de contrainte. Dans le cas des ruches tendres sédimentaires et des sols traités au ciment, les essais de laboratoire sur des échantillons non perturbés de grande qualité ont produit des modules d'élasticité E sub e /sub trés semblables aux valeurs correspondantes fournies par les relevés sismiques sur le terrain. Ľarticle résume la façon dont ľélasticité E e dépend de ľétat de contrainte et analyse les effets du type de matériau. La modélisation suppose que la nonlinéarité du cisaillement est causée par la détérioration de ľéasticité et ľapparition de déformations plastiques. Ľarticle examine les effets de la cimentation et de la structuration sur les propriétés des matériaux. Enfin, il propose une méthode qui permet d'estimer le module tangent de Young E sub tan /sub d'un matériau donné à un état de contrainte donné, à partir de la valeur E e évaluée à ľaide des levés sismiques sur le terrain et du module de rigidité tangentielle non linéaire.
Inherent and stress-state-induced anisotropy in very small strain stiffness of a sandy gravel GUAN-LU JI ANG, Ã FUMIO TAT SUOKA, { ALESSANDRO FLO RA { and J UNICHI KOSEKI } Deformation characteristics at strains less than about 0´001% in compacted well-graded sandy gravel were evaluated by measuring vertical and horizontal strains locally in very small amplitude cyclic tests on square prismatic specimens. The very small strain Young's modulus E 0 exhibits strong inherent anisotropy and stressstate-induced anisotropy. The very small strain Poisson's ratio í 0 íh is a function of stress ratio. Effects of ageing on the values of E 0 í and í 0 íh are discussed.
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