In this paper, the dual-frequent sonocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin (NOR), an antibiotic, caused by Ce-doped BaZrO is studied. The used Ce-doped BaZrO as a novel sonocatalyst with highly efficient and stable sonocatalytic activity is prepared via hydrothermal method. The prepared sample is characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) in order to investigate the structure, morphology and chemical composition. The dual-frequent sonocatalytic activity of prepared Ce-doped BaZrO powder is evaluated through sonocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) as a model organic pollutant. Some influencing factors such as single/dual-frequent ultrasonic frequent, cerium and zirconium molar proportions, ultrasonic irradiation time and used times are studied in detail by using UV-vis spectra. The generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the dual-frequent sonocatalytic degradation process of norfloxacin (NOR) are confirmed by using two different trapping agents. The holes (h) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) are identified and the holes plays a major role during the oxidation process. Finally, the possible mechanism for the dual-frequent sonocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) caused by Ce-doped BaZrO is proposed. The experimental results show that the Ce-doped BaZrO displays a good sonocatalytic activity under dual-frequent ultrasonic irradiation. Under optimal conditions, the most of norfloxacin (NOR) can be removed under dual-frequent ultrasonic irradiation for 150 min.

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A novel nanocomposite, Au/NiGaO-Au-BiO, as an effective sonocatalyst was prepared through hydrothermal process and high-temperature calcination methods, and then characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The sonocatalytic activity of Au/NiGaO-Au-BiO nanocomposite was detected through the degradation of some organic pollutants under ultrasonic irradiation. Furthermore, the influences of mass ratio of NiGaO and BiO, ultrasonic irradiation time and used times on the sonocatalytic degradation efficiency were investigated by using Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and UV-vis spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that, because of the existence of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) served as both conductive passageway and co-catalyst, the nanocomposite sonocatalyst (Au/NiGaO-Au-BiO) displayed an excellent sonocatalytic activity in degradation of some organic pollutants under ultrasonic irradiation.