Recent studies have recognised the importance of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in sickle cell disease (SCD). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and prognostic impact of PH and its features in patients with SCD.80 patients with SCD underwent baseline clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, 6-min walk tests (6MWTs) and echocardiography. Patients with a peak tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRV) of o2.5 m?s -1 were further evaluated through right heart catheterisation (RHC) to assure the diagnosis of PH. Our study evidenced a 40% prevalence of patients with elevated TRV at echocardiography. RHC (performed in 25 out of 32 patients) confirmed PH in 10% (95% CI 3.4-16.5%) of all patients, with a prevalence of post-capillary PH of 6.25% (95% CI 0.95-11.55%) and pre-capillary PH of 3.75% (95% CI -0.4-7.9%). Patients with PH were older, had worse performance in 6MWTs, and more pronounced anaemia, haemolysis and renal dysfunction. Survival was shorter in patients with PH.Our study reinforced the use of echocardiography as a screening tool for PH in SCD and the mandatory role of RHC for proper diagnosis. Our findings confirmed the prognostic significance of PH in SCD as its association to pronounced haemolytic profile.

Congenital or familial erythrocytosis/polycythemia can have many causes, and an emerging cause is genetic disruption of the oxygen-sensing pathway that regulates the ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) gene. More specifically, recent studies have identified erythrocytosis-associated mutations in the HIF2A gene, which encodes for Hypoxia Inducible Factor-2α (HIF-2α), as well as in two genes that encode for proteins that regulate it, Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain protein 2 (PHD2) and the von Hippel Lindau tumor suppressor protein (VHL). We report here the identification of two new heterozygous HIF2A missense mutations, M535T and F540L, both associated with erythrocytosis. Met-535 has previously been identified as a residue mutated in other patients with erythrocytosis, although the mutation of this particular residue to Thr has not been reported. In contrast, Phe-540 has not been reported as a residue mutated in erythrocytosis, and we present evidence here that this mutation impairs interaction of HIF-2α with both VHL and PHD2.

SUMMARYVirus-Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome (VAHS) is a severe hematological disorder related to some viral infections. It is an illness characterized by persistent fever, pancytopenia, splenomegaly, hyperferritinemia and, the most important, hemophagocytosis observed in the bone marrow, liver and/or lymph nodes. VAHS associated with hepatitis A virus infection is rarely described, despite the high incidence of this viral infection in the population in general. There is no consensus in the literature regarding the optimal treatment of VAHS. In this article the clinical features, presumed pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria and treatment of VAHS are discussed, including description of cases of VAHS related to hepatitis A virus infection found in the medical literature.

SummaryHaemoglobin (Hb) SC disease is the second most common subtype of sickle cell disease and is potentially fatal. This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics, outcome and predictors of mortality in HbSC disease patients, and to compare these findings with patients followed-up in different centres. Clinical, laboratory and outcome data were collected from a cohort of adult patients with HbSC disease followed between 1991 and 2103. Cox regression multivariate analysis was used to determine predictors of mortality. One hundred and fifty-five patients were followed-up over 20 years: 9% died and 70Á8% had at least one complication. The most common complications were: painful crises (38Á3%), retinopathy (33Á8%), cholelithiasis (30Á3%), osteonecrosis (24Á8%) and sensorineural hearing disorders (9Á7%). Frequency of chronic complications was similar in most studies. In multivariate analysis, hearing disorders remained an independent predictor of mortality (Odds Ratio 9Á26, 95% confidence interval 1Á1-74Á8; P = 0Á03). It was concluded that patients with HbSC disease receive a late diagnosis and there is remarkable similarity between the studies conducted in different centres around the world. Sensorineural hearing disorders were an independent predictor of mortality, suggesting that it may be useful to implement routine diagnostic screening.

ResumoOBJETIVO: avaliar os resultados maternos e perinatais de gestações complicadas por doenças falciformes, comparandoas com portadoras de traço falciforme. MÉTODOS: este estudo é uma coorte retrospectiva, abrangendo o período de Março de 2001 a Abril de 2008, tendo sido incluídas todas as gestantes portadoras de doença falciforme (n=42) acompanhadas em hospital universitário da região sudeste do Brasil. Os resultados maternos e perinatais foram comparados com os de gestantes portadoras de traço falciforme (n=56) acompanhadas no mesmo serviço. RESULTADOS: a hemoglobinopatia SS foi diagnosticada em 42 gestantes (82,4%) e a SC em nove (17,6%). A idade materna foi significativamente menor no grupo com doença falciforme (média=26,0; SD=4,3) quando comparadas às com traço falciforme (média=28,7, DP=7,1; p=0,018). As seguintes complicações maternas foram significativamente mais frequentes no grupo com doença falciforme em comparação ao grupo com traço falciforme: infecção do trato urinário (25,5 versus 8,9%; p=0,04), pneumonia (23,5 versus 1,8%; p=0,002), hipertensão pulmonar (15,7 versus 0%; p=0,002), e transfusão no parto/pós-parto (33,3 versus 5,4%; p=0,001). Resultados perinatais adversos foram significativamente mais frequentes no grupo com doença falciforme quando comparados ao grupo com traço falciforme: prematuridade (49 versus 25%; p=0,01), média da idade gestacional no parto (35,2 versus 37,9 semanas; p<0,001), diagnóstico de sofrimento fetal (56,9 versus 28,6%; p=0,006), peso do recém-nascido <2.500g (62,7 versus 17,9%; p<0,001), média do peso do recém-nascido (2.183 versus 2.923 g; p<0,001) e recém-nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional (29,4 versus 10,7%; p=0,02). Duas mortes maternas (3,9%) ocorreram no grupo com doença falciforme. CONCLUSÕES: gestantes portadoras de doença falciforme apresentam maior risco para morbidade materna e resultados perinatais adversos quando comparadas às portadoras de traço falciforme.Abstract PURPOSE: the aim of this study was to describe perinatal and maternal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by sickle cell disease (SCD), comparing to pregnancies of women with sickle cell trait (SCT). METHODS: this was a retrospective cohort study, covering the period from March 2001 to April 2008, which included all pregnant women with SCD (n=42) followed up at a university hospital in the Southeast region of Brazil. The maternal and perinatal outcomes were compared to those of pregnant women with SCT (n=56) who were followed up at the same service. RESULTS: SCD-SS was diagnosed in 42 (82.4%) pregnant women and SC in 9 (17.6%). Mean (±SD) maternal age was significantly lower in the SCD group (26.0 years) compared to SCT women (28.7±7.1 years; p=0.018). The following maternal complications were more common among women with SCD in comparison to SCT: urinary tract infection (25.5 versus 8.9%; p=0.04), pneumonia (23.5 versus 1.8%; p=0.002), pulmonary hypertension (15.7 versus 0%; p=0.002), and blood transfusion during delivery or postpartum (33.3 versus 5.4%; p=0.001). Adverse perinat...