Southwestern Amazonia is considered an early centre of plant domestication in the New World, but most of the evidence for this hypothesis comes from genetic data since systematic archaeological fieldwork in the area is recent. This paper provides first-hand archaeobotanical evidence of food production from early and middle Holocene (ca. 9,000–5000 cal. BP) deposits at Teotonio, an open-air site located on a 40 m-high bluff on the south bank of the Madeira river. Such evidence includes the presence of local and exotic domesticates such as manioc (Manihot esculenta), squash (Cucurbita sp.) and beans (Phaseolus sp.), alongside edible fruits such as pequiá (Caryocar sp.) and guava (Psidium sp.) that point to the beginnings of landscape domestication. The results contribute to an ever-growing number of studies that posit southwest Amazonia as an important centre for early crop domestication and experimentation, and which highlight the longue-durée of human impacts on tropical forest biodiversity around the world.

The ecological status of prehistoric Amazonian forests remains widely debated. The concept of ancient Amazonia as a pristine wilderness is largely discredited, but the alternative hypothesis of extensive anthropogenic landscapes remains untested in many regions. We assessed the degree of ancient human impacts across western Amazonia based on archeological and paleoecological data using methodologies that would allow inter-regional comparisons. We also aimed to establish baselines for estimating the legacies of ancient disturbances on modern vegetation. We analyzed charcoal and phytolith assemblages from soil samples from an archeological site, sites in close proximity to archeological sites, sites from riverine and interfluvial forests, and a biological research station believed to contain some of the least disturbed forests within Amazonia. We then quantitatively compared phytolith assemblages within and between the surveyed regions. Palm enrichment was evident at the archeological site, and the biological station survey contained little to no evidence of ancient human activity. The other sites exhibited a gradient of ancient disturbance across the landscape. The phytolith assemblages showed statistically significant between-region variations that indicated our metrics were sufficiently sensitive to detecting ancient disturbance. Our data highlight the spatial heterogeneity of ancient human disturbances in Amazonian forests. The quantification of these disturbances provides empirical data and a more concrete link between the composition of the modern forest and ancient disturbance regimes. Accounting for ancient disturbances will allow a deeper understanding of the landscape heterogeneity observed in the modern forests.

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Resumo Novos estudos arqueobotânicos mostram que a região da bacia do alto Madeira é uma área onde foram domesticadas várias plantas durante o Holoceno inicial e médio, confirmando o que já havia sido apontado por dados genéticos há anos. No entanto, há menos acúmulo de dados sobre as relações entre pessoas e plantas para as ocupações humanas no Holoceno tardio. Na calha do alto rio Madeira, ocorrem extensos pacotes de terra preta antropogênica associados a populações ceramistas que viviam na região entre 3.000 e 400 anos atrás. Essas populações deixaram uma riqueza de informações que nos permitem enxergar tais relações através de estudos arqueobotânicos. Este artigo relata novos dados microbotânicos dos sítios Teotônio e Santa Paula para propor novas hipóteses sobre os sistemas de manejo efetuados por essas populações. Além de documentar uma proliferação de cultivos domesticados, foi possível sugerir algumas mudanças no uso de plantas ao longo do tempo. Vimos também como os dados arqueobotânicos podem elucidar questões relacionadas à própria formação dos sítios arqueológicos.