The aim of this study was to define a method for evaluating a player’s decisions during a game based on the success probability of his actions and for analyzing the player strategy inferred from game actions. There were developed formal definitions of i) the stochastic process of player decisions in game situations and ii) the inference process of player strategy based on his game decisions. The method was applied to the context of soccer goalkeepers. A model of goalkeeper positioning, with geometric parameters and solutions to optimize his position based on the ball position and trajectory, was developed. The model was tested with a sample of 65 professional goalkeepers (28.8 ± 4.1 years old) playing for their national teams in 2010 and 2014 World Cups. The goalkeeper’s decisions were compared to decisions from a large dataset of other goalkeepers, defining the probability of success in each game circumstance. There were assessed i) performance in a defined set of classes of game plays; ii) entropy of goalkeepers’ decisions; and iii) the effect of goalkeepers’ positioning updates on the outcome (save or goal). Goalkeepers’ decisions were similar to the ones with the lowest probability of goal on the dataset. Goalkeepers’ entropy varied between 24% and 71% of the maximum possible entropy. Positioning dynamics in the instants that preceded the shot indicated that, in goals and saves, goalkeepers optimized their position before the shot in 21.87% and 83.33% of the situations, respectively. These results validate a method to discriminate successful performance. In conclusion, this method enables a more precise assessment of a player’s decision-making ability by consulting a representative dataset of equivalent actions to define the probability of his success. Therefore, it supports the evaluation of the player’s decision separately from his technical skill execution, which overcomes the scientific challenge of discriminating the evaluation of a player’s decision performance from the action result.
Rev. Col. Bras. Cir. RESUMO: Objetivo:Avaliar o benefício do tratamento paliativo pela derivação esofágica com o tubo gástrico isoperistáltico em pacientes com carcinoma de esôfago irressecável. Método: Foram estudados 53 pacientes com carcinoma espino celular do esôfago sem condições de ressecabilidade avaliados por critérios endoscópicos e radiológicos. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino com idade média de 56,8 anos. A operação realizada foi a derivação esofágica com o tubo gástrico isoperistáltico, de grande curvatura e transposto através do espaço retro esternal. Resultados: Vinte e oito pacientes (52,0%) desenvolveram uma ou mais complicações, sendo a mais freqüente a deiscência e/ou estenose da anastomose cervical (15 pacientes -28,3%). Em 48 pacientes que sobreviveram, 37 (77,0%) referiram alívio da disfagia no seguimento pós-operatório. A média de sobrevida em 23 pacientes foi de sete meses e meio (seis a 13 meses) e 14 pacientes estão em seguimento com o tempo variável entre dois e 16 meses, com boa evolução, com perda de seguimento nos 11 pacientes restantes. Conclusões: Tubo gástrico isoperistáltico tem aceitável morbidade e mortalidade para a população em estudo, permitindo paliação da disfagia na maioria dos casos.
ResumoO desenvolvimento de um modelo formal da estratégia e da dinâmica do jogo constitui uma contribuição científi ca original no contexto dos esportes coletivos de invasão. O procedimento construtivo de uma estratégia defi nido no modelo é composto de cinco conjuntos de elementos ordenados em níveis hierárquicos, que suportam o desenho de estratégias capazes de orientar adequadamente uma equipe em um jogo. Uma vez defi nido o modelo da estratégia, a formalização da dinâmica do jogo permite sua contextualização no momento de sua aplicação para orientar os jogadores no confronto. O jogo teve sua estrutura decomposta e suas propriedades dinâmicas fundamentais foram defi nidas. Dessa forma, a modelagem da dinâmica da oposição e da estratégia se complementam, pois defi nem os momentos nos quais a informação estratégica é utilizada pelos jogadores. A estrutura formal apresentada inaugura uma linha de pesquisa que poderá contribuir para limitar a subjetividade na defi nição dos critérios de análise de futuros desenhos experimentais, levando à interpretações e comparações mais acuradas dos resultados dos estudos.
Abstract. The goal of the present work was to create a computational system that supports the design of strategies and the match simulation based on those strategies. A formal model of team strategy and match dynamics supported the specification of the computational system. In this model, team strategy was defined as a discrete dynamic system. The specification of individual action rules enables the team players to organize the collective action in every state of the system. A play is modelled by a sequence of compatible pairs of states. The system implementation encompasses a designing tool, whose resultant strategies are used as the input in a simulator capable of recognizing match states and applying the defined strategy to plan actions. Besides the inherent contribution to the investigation of team sports performance features, the presented framework may be helpful in other scientific areas, such as those that investigate cooperative actions in competitive environments and to the design of video-games with a greater realism, approximating them to real match simulators.
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