Résumé Le paradoxe est connu : c’est au milieu d’une culture chrétienne hostile à l’argent que le capitalisme s’est développé. En revanche, on s’est moins interrogé sur les raisons de cette hostilité. Pourtant, celles-ci ne vont pas de soi. Certes, les pères de l’Église faisaient preuve d’une grande hostilité vis-à-vis de la matière. Mais les théologiens médiévaux ne se gênaient pas d’amender les thèses des Anciens lorsque les nécessités de l’heure l’imposaient. Selon notre hypothèse, la virulence de ce proto-anticapitalisme s’explique par l’association effectuée entre la matière au sens large – l’argent d’une part, mais aussi la sexualité – et cet anti-monde censé être dominé par les Juifs. L’étude du discours des théologiens chrétiens du xiii e siècle permet de mieux souligner les liens unissant l’hostilité à l’argent et la haine des différents. Voilà qui pourrait éclairer la permanence de ce refus au sein de certains discours modernes.
It is one of history's paradoxical commonplaces that capitalism came into being within a Christian culture that was hostile to money. Little thought has, however, been given to the reasons for that hostility, though they are not self‐evident. While it is true that the Church Fathers displayed great hostility towards material things, medieval theologians had no qualms about revising the theses of the Early Church to suit the needs of the moment. We seek to explain the virulence of this early form of anti‐capitalism by the connection that was made between material concerns in the broad sense – money, but also sex – and an anti‐world that was supposed to be dominated by the Jews. A study of the discourse of thirteenth‐century Christian theologians enables us to highlight the links between hostility towards money and hatred of outsiders, which may help to explain the continuing prevalence of this rejection within various modern forms of discourse.
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