The marketing power of private labels (PLs) is a consequence of the design of successful strategies by retailers. Such strategies have allowed retailers to differentiate their own items by generating a greater consumer brand loyalty. Innovation in the design of sustainable packaging or eco-packaging has been one of these strategies. In these ways, retailers have managed -in addition to their ability to adapt to the needs of consumers in terms of convenience -to strengthen their commitment to food security and environmental protection. This paper analyses the role of eco-packaging strategies as a tool for differentiating PLs in terms of creating higher levels of consumer preference.

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Introduction. Social and cultural changes are altering young people's habits. Some surveys measure such behaviors, but are hard to interpret. The objective of this study was to design and validate a homogeneous questionnaire to study habits among adolescents aged 12-14 years. Population and methods. Descriptive and crosssectional study to validate a questionnaire. Items were selected after a bibliographic review and expert assessment. The pre-test was administered to a pilot sample. Reliability was established using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and construct validity, using a factor analysis. It was administered to a sample of parents of students from 4 secondary schools. Results. Cronbach's coefficient showed values close to 0.7 in 3/4 subscales and an overall value of 0.629, showing accuracy and stability. Factor analysis determined an adequate construct validity, with 4 factors: eating, physical activity, new technologies, and environment. The final questionnaire included 26 items and was administered to 421 participants. Poor habits were observed in 24.8 % and very unhealthy, in 3.4 %. Girls had poorer scores in physical activity (p < 0.001), and boys, in new technologies, although it was not significant. Conclusions. The final instrument was valid, reliable, and easily administered to assess modifiable behaviors in adolescents. The inclusion of technologies and environment helps to adapt the questionnaire to current changes. The greatest deficit was observed in the technology use and physical activity domains; and girls were more sedentary.

Environmental proactivity is a key research topic as it arises as a value-adding creator and therefore constitutes a competitive advantage for companies. In this paper, we classify industrial companies according to their environmental proactivity and then we determine whether their economic performance differs in relation to the firms' environmental position. We analyzed 132 Spanish industrial firms located in the Valencian region and apply quantitative methods to conduct the analysis. The findings from a cluster analysis show two different groups regarding environmental proactivity. Then, an ANOVA analysis shows that the more proactively oriented firms obtain better economic results when comparing EBIT (earnings before interests and taxes) as well as better total incomes, even though economic results seem not to be an important factor in explaining the environmental proactivity of firms when modeling variables with a regression model..