The purpose of the study was to evaluate the awareness of periodontal health among the patients visiting dental OPDs of Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine Karachi. This survey was conducted from September,2019 to November,2019. A descriptive crosssectional survey was conducted on 100 patients. A structured questionnaire was administered through convenience sampling to patients. The results of the questionnaire were calculated and analyzed via the SPSS software version 20. Periodontal health depends on the maintenance of the periodontium which includes gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone [1]. Periodontal disease that adversely affects one of these components, has been a leading concern in our part of the continent [2]. Oral health plays a pivotal role in ensuring sound mental and physical health of an individual [3]. The association between one's general health with that of his oral health cannot be ignored as the oral cavity is a reflection of general health [4]. For instance, various studies were undertaken to prove a bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes [5]. There is abundant evidence indicating the correlation between oral health and lack of awareness amongst the people coming from different socioeconomic backgrounds [6]. In a third-world country like Pakistan, the majority of the population is completely oblivious to the different measures of oral health maintenance and harbor destructive habits like betel nut chewing. Their negligence often accounting for premature tooth loss, gingival bleeding, swelling, pain, food impaction and general discomfort amongst the masses irrespective of their age, gender or economic status.Periodontal disease progresses after accumulation of plaque, which is a biofilm that contains microorganisms, and the subsequent lack of physical removal of the plaque resulting in calculus, hardened plaque [7]. This leads to the development of periodontal deterioration in the presence of decreased host resistance and lack of preventive measures such as self-care and frequent dental visits.

Introduction: Pakistan remains one of the three polio-endemic countries in the world due to Illiteracy, religious beliefs, conflicts and security issues hindering vaccination efforts. Parental refusal or hesitancy towards vaccinating their children along with low coverage of polio vaccination in high conflict areas remain key problem areas.Objectives: To assess the awareness regarding polio vaccination, and to identify the reasons of parental hesitancy towards oral polio vaccination.Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional survey that included 100 participants was conducted in Jamrud (Khyber Agency) from October 2017 to December 2017. Indigenously structured questionnaire was used for recording data in Khyber Agency through convenience sampling. Questions related to awareness, attitude, practice and reasons for hesitancy regarding polio vaccination. SPSS version 16.0 and Microsoft Excel were used for organizing and analyzing data for descriptive statistics.Results: Of the 100 study subjects, 49% were uneducated and only 2% had a positive family history of polio. Overall awareness regarding polio vaccination was poor; only 27% of study participants knew that immunization was effective for prevention and 24% considered vaccine repetition as necessary. The leading reasons given by 24% were that it causes infertility in male children, 16% had lack of trust on quality of vaccine, and 16.6% reported lack of trust on health workers. Religious belief was also one of the reason of hesitancy recorded to be 14.1%. Some participants (10.7%) recorded security issues as their reason of vaccine hesitancy. About 9.5% responded non-compliant spouse as their reason whereas 9.2% considered that vaccination was not necessary. Conclusion: Lack of awareness and education were the main reasons behind misperception of subjects towards polio immunization, followed by fears of infertility and religious beliefs. Keywords: Polio - Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV), Immunization & Hesitancy.

The character of Ibn ul Waqt by Deputy Nazir Ahmed is the reflection of the first generation of pro-British Ashrafia during nineteenth century, who initiated the agenda of modernity in South Asia. Generally, it is a negative image that comes to mind when the term Ibn-ul-Waqt is used, signifying a wicked opportunist without principles. The lead character is not portrayed in this way but developed with some empathy as a man forced by circumstance to change his personality to suit the times of post war 1857, a change that he is convinced is good for him and for those around him. Ibn-ul-Waqt is a "babu", the servile Asian caricature developed by Kipling that lives on and on, who assumes false humility with those superior to him and takes on the airs of gentility with his inferiors. This was the new elite that was English literate and followed the mannerisms and outward lifestyle of foreigners to display their close association with the ruling classes. This class was an equivalent of the English "gentleman", a nineteenth century in South Asia coinage that signified not a distinction of blood or heredity title but sophistication in manners brought on by education.