Nanoparticles, chemical structures between 1-100 nm in size, are one of the most promising elements of a new era in technology and science. NPs-based products are growing rapidly in a variety of fields such as health and fitness, electronics and computers, cosmetics, home and garden, food and beverage as well as biomedical applications (Mnyusiwalla et al. 2003; EPA, 2007). The Nanotechnology Consumer Products Inventory report, released in October 2013, listed 1814 nano-containing consumer products, in which the largest group of these products (37%) contains metals and metal oxides NPs (Vance et al. 2015). NPs potentially cause harm to both humans and the environment due to their unique physicochemical properties, size, shape and solubility (Maynard et al. 2006). NPs can easily penetrate the cell membrane due to their very small size and alter the crucial functions of cells. Growing evidence shows that various molecular mechanisms such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial disruption, apoptosis resulting in morphological changes and eventually cell death are responsible for the toxic effects of NPs (Ray et al. 2009; Dhawan and Sharma, 2010; Iavicoli et al. 2013).Bi 2 O 3 is one of the significant metal oxides which has rapidly attracted attention, perhaps because of its use in technology, industry and biomedical sciences (Hyodo et al. 2000; Rabin et al. 2006; Taufik et al. 2011). Despite Bi 2 O 3 -NPs widespread usages and the increasing intentional or unintentional exposure, there is limited knowledge about their toxicity (Thomas et al. 2012; Hernandez-Delgadillo et

Cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles have been extensively used in various industrial and medical applications due to their special optical, magnetic, and electrical activity features. However, there is a lack of information about their toxicity and adverse effects on human health, especially concerning the kidney, which is considered to be a secondary target organ. We investigated the toxic potentials of Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles on NRK-52E kidney epithelial cells by in vitro assays. Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles were taken up by the kidney cells, and caused a decrease in cell viability, by significantly inducing apoptosis/ necrosis at 100 µg/mL. However, no significant DNA damage was observed. Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles induced cellular toxicity in kidney cells. These results should raise concern about the safety of Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles in their various applications. Further studies are needed to elucidate their toxic mechanism.

Most researchers agree that the etiology of liver injury can be commonly separated into two categories. Firstly, a cause of direct hepatotoxicity or liver injury is the drug itself or its metabolite as is the case with acetaminophen overdose. Several other drugs

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Cancer is a major worldwide public health concern and is the second leading cause of death in the world with colorectal and breast cancer being among the most common cancers in the world (Siegel et al. 2019). Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the leading cause of cancer related deaths in women while colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer among women and men in Turkey (TC Ministry of Health Turkey Cancer Statistics 2018).Capecitabine is used orally in the treatment of breast, colorectal and gastric cancer. Capecitabine is a precursor and converted to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (which is a cytotoxic agent) in the tumor. 5-FU is one of the oldest and the most widely used antimetabolite and cytotoxic agents (Reigner et al. 2001).