Hematopoietic stem cells have the ability to promote continuous self-renewal by controlled proliferation and expansive differentiation into all cells of hematopoietic lineages. Regulation of the molecular mechanisms that direct cellular proliferation and differentiation during hematopoiesis depends, partly, on the action of certain transcription factors (1-3).Several members of the basic region-leucine zipper (bZIP) class of transcription factors, including the CCAAT͞enhancer binding protein (C͞EBP) family have been implicated in the differentiation of hematopoietic cells (1-5). C͞EBP proteins have highly conserved bZIP C-terminal regions, but differ in their N-terminal regions (6, 7). A consensus site,

This review covers general information about the eco-friendly process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and focuses on mechanism of the antibacterial activity of AgNPs and the anticancer activity of AuNPs. Biomolecules in the plant extract are involved in reduction of metal ions to nanoparticle in a one-step and eco-friendly synthesis process. Natural plant extracts contain wide range of metabolites including carbohydrates, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and enzymes. A variety of plant species and plant parts have been successfully extracted and utilized for AgNP and AuNP syntheses. Green-synthesized nanoparticles eliminate the need for a stabilizing and capping agent and show shape and size-dependent biological activities. Here, we describe some of the plant extracts involved in nanoparticle synthesis, characterization methods, and biological applications. Nanoparticles are important in the field of pharmaceuticals for their strong antibacterial and anticancer activity. Considering the importance and uniqueness of this concept, the synthesis, characterization, and application of AgNPs and AuNPs are discussed in this review.

1. Microinjection of selective antibodies into superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurones has identified the G‐protein alpha‐subunits mediating muscarinic receptor inhibition of M‐type K+ current (IK(M)) and alpha‐adrenoceptor inhibition of Ca2+ current (ICa). 2. Antibodies specific for G alpha q/11, but not those for G alpha o, reduced M‐current inhibition by the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine‐M, whereas anti‐G alpha o antibodies, but not anti‐G alpha q/11 or anti‐G alpha i1‐3 antibodies, reduced calcium current inhibition by noradrenaline. 3. Immunoblots with specific anti‐G‐protein antibodies demonstrated the presence of both G alpha q and G alpha 11, while G alpha o1 (but virtually no G alpha o2) was present. 4. We conclude that M1 muscarinic receptor inhibition of IK(M) is transduced by G alpha q and/or G alpha 11, and that G alpha o transduces alpha‐adrenoceptor inhibition of ICa.