A novel tracer, glucose oxidase-functionalized nanocomposite, was designed to label the signal antibodies for ultrasensitive multiplexed measurement of tumor markers using a disposable immunosensor array. The immunosensor array was constructed by coating layer-by-layer colloidal Prussian blue (PB), gold nanoparticles, and capture antibodies on screen-printed carbon electrodes. The preparation of glucose oxidase-functionalized nanocomposites and the labeling of antibody were performed by one-pot assembly of glucose oxidase and antibody on gold nanoparticles attached carbon nanotubes. The PB immobilized on immunosensor surface acted as a mediator to catalyze the reduction of H2O2 produced in the enzymatic cycle. Both the high-content glucose oxidase and carbon nanotubes in the tracer amplified the detectable signal for the sandwich-type immunoassay. Using carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein as model analytes, the simultaneous multiplexed immunoassay method using the immunosensor array and the designed tracer showed linear ranges of 3 orders of magnitude with the detection limits down to 1.4 and 2.2 pg/mL, respectively. The assay results of serum samples with the proposed method were in an acceptable agreement with the reference values. The dual signal amplification of glucose oxidase-functionalized nanocomposites provided a promising ultrasensitive simultaneous multiplexed immunoassay approach for clinical applications.

A novel ultrasensitive multiplexed immunoassay method was developed by combining alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-labeled antibody functionalized gold nanoparticles (ALP-Ab/Au NPs) and enzyme-Au NP catalyzed deposition of silver nanoparticles at a disposable immunosensor array. The immunosensor array was prepared by covalently immobilizing capture antibodies on chitosan modified screen-printed carbon electrodes. After sandwich-type immunoreactions, the ALP-Ab/Au NPs were captured on an immunosensor surface to catalyze the hydrolysis of 3-indoxyl phosphate, which produced an indoxyl intermediate to reduce Ag(+). The silver deposition process was catalyzed by both ALP and Au NPs, which amplified the detection signal. The deposited silver was then measured by anodic stripping analysis in KCl solution. Using human and mouse IgG as model analytes, this multiplexed immunoassay method showed wide linear ranges over 4 orders of magnitude with the detection limits down to 4.8 and 6.1 pg/mL, respectively. Acceptable assay results for practical samples could be obtained. The newly designed strategy avoided cross talk and the need of deoxygenation for the electrochemical immunoassay and, thus, provided a promising potential in clinical applications.

A streptavidin‐functionalized silver‐nanoparticle‐enriched carbon nanotube (CNT/Ag NP) is designed as trace tag for ultrasensitive multiplexed measurements of tumor markers using a disposable immunosensor array. The CNT/Ag NP nanohybrid is prepared by one‐pot in situ deposition of Ag NPs on carboxylated CNTs. The nanohybrid is functionalized with streptavidin via the inherent interaction between the protein and Ag NPs for further linkage of biotinylated signal antibodies to obtain tagged antibodies. The functionalization process greatly improves the dispersibility of the nanohybrid in water. The immunosensor array is prepared by covalently immobilizing capture antibodies on chitosan‐modified screen‐printed carbon electrodes. Through a sandwich‐type immunoreaction on the immunosensor array, numerous Ag NPs are captured onto every single immunocomplex and are further amplified by a subsequent Ag NP‐promoted deposition of silver from a silver enhancer solution to obtain the sensitive electrochemical‐stripping signal of the Ag NPs. Using carcinoembryonic antigen and α‐fetoprotein as model analytes, this proposed multiplexed immunoassay method shows acceptable precision and wide linear ranges over four orders of magnitude with detection limits down to 0.093 and 0.061 pg mL−1, respectively. The assay results of serum samples with the proposed method are in acceptable agreement with the reference values. The newly designed strategy and the functionalized tag avoid cross‐talk and the requirement of deoxygenation for electrochemical immunoassay, and thus provide a promising potential in clinical application.

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