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Broader contextCarbon foam is a three-dimensional (3D) porous carbon material with an interconnected network architecture. It is usually prepared by the carbonization/pyrolysis of foamed polymers. Recently, ultrathin and exible energy storage devices have attracted much attention to meet

The mechanism by which aggregates of active swimmers are formed is an intriguing problem. In this Letter we show that, for two tandem self-propelled filaments driven by harmonic plunging motions of identical frequency and amplitude, stable configurations can be spontaneously formed by locking the trajectories onto the vortex centers. Further analysis indicates that the grouping energetics is also dictated by the wake vortex structure. The rationale behind the energetic advantage of the follower is found to be the interplay among actuation, self-propulsion, and the vortical fluid environment.