The knowledge of the energy level structures of atoms and molecules is mainly obtained by spectroscopic experiments. Both photoabsorption and photoemission spectra are subject to the electric dipole selection rules (also known as optical selection rules). However, the selection rules for atoms and molecules in the scattering experiments are not identical to those in the optical experiments. In this paper, based on the theory of the molecular point group, the selection rules are derived and summarized for the electric monopole, electric dipole, electric quadrupole, and electric octupole transitions of diatomic molecules under the first Born approximation in scattering experiments. Then based on the derived selection rules, the electron scattering spectra and x-ray scattering spectra of H2, N2, and CO at different momentum transfers are explained, and the discrepancies between the previous experimental results measured by different groups are elucidated.

A new divergent route to organotransition-metal dendrimers is described, in which a key step involves oxidative addition. The product dendrimers contain organoplatinum(IV) centers in each inner generational layer and either platinum(II) or palladium(II) centers in the outermost layer.

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An acid-base stimulus-responsive diarylethene-based bistable [3]rotaxane has been constructed through a threading-stoppering method, manifesting a reversible shuttling motion undergoing acid-base stimulation. In this system, two macrocycles can be driven to unfasten or restrict the photoswitchable framework by addition of the appropriate acid or base, revealing that photocyclization quantum yield of the [3]rotaxane in the "Near" state is superior to that in the "Far" state. These findings offer a new approach for directional improvement of photochromic performance and construction of molecular machine with a shuttling motion.