We examine a supply chain where a supplier produces partial substitutable green and non-green products and sell them in a common market through a buyer. We analyse four scenarios: wholesale price and linear two-part tariff contracts under full and incomplete information about the buyer's unit cost. Our result demonstrates that the value of information and trade cutoff points both increase with consumer greening sensitivity and decrease with greening investment. When green product market share exceeds a certain threshold, demand for the green product would be higher than non-green product, even when green product is priced higher in the end market.

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In this paper, we evaluate the performance of major public road transport organizations in India. The contribution of the paper lies in integrating four multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques to assess the relative performance of public road transportation systems on twenty-three criteria across two consecutive years. The paper classifies the criteria into functional heads and establishes the relative importance of heads using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP). The efficiency scores of each organization referred to as a decision-making unit (DMU) were computed for the classified heads using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. The multicriteria optimization and compromise solution technique “VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje” (VIKOR) was used to assign a final rank to each of the DMUs using computed efficiency scores and established weights. Finally, we analyzed the performance of the DMUs across the two consecutive years using the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI). Our key findings are as follows: First, the performance of all DMUs has improved in the second year with respect to the first year; second, significant improvement is observed in the “expenses” functional head which carries a substantial weight among the functional heads; third, barring few DMUs, the performance of the majority of DMUs has worsened in the “accident” functional head; fourth, while few DMUs have been consistently very good performers in both the years, there are also few DMUs which have consistently performed poorly in both the years. The inferences drawn from the study can be leveraged for future policy formulations by the state government and local municipal corporations and for sharing best practices among the DMUs.

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The erosion wear due to raindrop plays a vital role in the service life of wind turbine components especially blades. Furthermore, the rain impact angle and the environmental conditions having a major impact on erosion wear. In the present work, the rain erosion performance of glass fiber reinforced polyester (GFRP) blade material in offshore and onshore environmental conditions has been studied. A whirling arm test rig was created and used to conduct the erosion tests on both offshore and onshore conditions. To simulate the offshore and onshore environmental conditions, experiments were carried out using both fresh and saltwater. The trail runs were carried out for time duration (30 – 90 min) at different impact angles (0° - 90°) by running the whirling arm tester at different impact velocities (30-70 m/s). During the experimentation, the impact velocity was varied from 30 – 70 m/s. The impact angle was taken as 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° respectively. The results showed that erosion wear in the offshore conditions was more in all the cases as compared to onshore conditions. Furthermore, the maximum mass loss was at 45° impact angles for both conditions, which was further endorsed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. Very little work has been reported on optimization of erosion wear response of Offshore and Onshore wind turbines by using different design of experiment techniques. The erosion testing reveals that the GFRP blades exhibit a ductile erosion mechanism which was further explained by using three-dimensional surface plots with the help of Image J software.