The southern boundary of prehispanic farming in South America occurs in central Mendoza Province, Argentina at approximately 34 degrees south latitude. Archaeological evidence of farming includes the recovery of macrobotanical remains of cultigens and isotopic chemistry of human bone. Since the 1990s, archaeologists have also hypothesized that the llama (Lama glama), a domesticated South American camelid, was also herded near the southern boundary of prehispanic farming. The remains of a wild congeneric camelid, the guanaco (Lama guanicoe), however, are common in archaeological sites throughout Mendoza Province. It is difficult to distinguish bones of the domestic llama from wild guanaco in terms of osteological morphology, and therefore, claims that llama were in geographic areas where guanaco were also present based on osteometric analysis alone remain equivocal. A recent study, for example, claimed that twenty-five percent of the camelid remains from the high elevation Andes site of Laguna del Diamante S4 were identified based on osteometric evidence as domestic llama, but guanaco are also a likely candidate since the two species overlap in size. We test the hypothesis that domesticated camelids occurred in prehispanic, southern Mendoza through analysis of ancient DNA. We generated whole mitochondrial genome datasets from 41 samples from southern Mendoza late Holocene archaeological sites, located between 450 and 3400 meters above sea level (masl). All camelid samples from those sites were identified as guanaco; thus, we have no evidence to support the hypothesis that the domestic llama occurred in prehispanic southern Mendoza.

The puzzle between poverty and risk aversion is still incomplete as there is no theory that can reconcile all t he behaviors document ed so far. This paper emerges from t he fact t hat , recent experimental evidence, found in psychology and economics, suggests that some decisions made under risk respond to reference points (status quo and others) challenging the theory of Expected Utility. To explain such behaviors, several hypotheses have been raised, of which the Cumulative Prospect Theory of Kahneman and Tversky stands out. Yet, even this theory still presents some limitations. This paper develops a theory where individuals respond to income references, which result of diverse income related exclusion mechanisms, so referenced behaviors can be consistent with rational choices. According to this theory some income references affects the behavior, either by being near them or by deciding over high stakes that involves them. T he extremely poor have the reference of the income that guarantees the consumption of calories to ensure a healthy and longer life. While the poor have the reference of the minimum income to avoid income determined exclusion. To test the reference of the extremely poor, an experimental exercise was conducted with 92 individuals from households living under poverty and extreme poverty in Bogotá, Colombia. Experiments on Baseline Risk and Loss Aversion were conducted with high stakes monetary payments; the highest was 23% of the country's monthly minimum wage. We fi rst analyze the selection of risky options according to an order according to the risk that each option implied. Additionally an alternative method is proposed that uses an average measure of risk aversion instead of ordered options to capture the fact that there are differences in the steps. We use an analysis of a Regression Discontinuity Design where, if there is a treatment like being undernourished determined by a critical value of single variable as income then, if all the other variables does not change around the critical value, any change in a dependent variable, for example risk aversion can be explained by the incidence of the treatment. In the Base Risk exercise some households were offered the opportunity to achieve the income enough to avoid undernourishment for one month while in Loss Aversion some framed options would result in entering undernourishment. The results suggest that being below and near the reference income decreases significantly the households risk aversion while the contrary holds when being near and above. T his can be understood as if the incentive to leave undernourishment significantly decreases risk aversion while avoiding it increases risk aversion.

ResumenObjetivos: Realizar un artículo de revisión sobre el impacto de los programas de tamizaje prenatal ecográfica de malformaciones congénitas.Determinar la existencia de una política gubernamental para la detección prenatal de estas en nuestro país y comparar las tasas de detección local con las reportadas internacionalmente. Materiales y métodos:Este es un artículo de revisión. Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica en PubMed, Hinari, Cochrane y portales de salud, se incluyeron artículos que cumpliendo los criterios de inclusión describían el uso de la ecografía antenatal para la detección de malformaciones congénitas así como los relacionados a las tasas de detección en Colombia y el mundo.Conclusiones: El implementar esquemas de diagnóstico antenatal ecográfico de alteraciones congénitas mejora las tasas de detección, en nuestro sistema público de salud estas no superan el 35 por ciento, estando por debajo de las reportadas internacionalmente. En Colombia, aunque existe una guía clínica propuesta por el ministerio de protección social, está no se ha implementado ni ejecutado por la mayoría de las diferentes instituciones prestadoras de salud.Palabras Clave: Anomalías congénitas, Ultrasonografía, Diagnóstico prenatal. Determine the existence of a government policy for prenatal detection in our country and compare the local detection rates with reported internationally. Materials and methods:This paper is a review article. A search was conducted in PubMed, Hinari, Cochrane and portals of health. Choosing articles who met the inclusion criteria and describes the use of antenatal ultrasography for the detection of congenital malformations; as well as those related to the detection rates in Colombia and the world.Conclusions: Implementing schemes sonographic diagnosis of congenital disorders antenatal improves detection rates, in our public health system, these do not exceed 35 percent, these are lower than those reported internationally.In Colombia there is a guide proposed by the ministry of social protection, but this is not implemented or executed by most different health institutions.

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This study focuses on how secular, governmental, and ecclesiastical Hispanic Empire institutions influenced the response and resistance of San Francisco Native American groups from 1769 to 1846. This project draws on late 18th and early 19th century primary Spanish documents and secondary sources to help understand the context of indigenous people's adaptive and response behaviors during this period as well as the nuances of their perspective and experience. Using both electronic and physical documents from a number of archival databases, primary Spanish documents were translated and correlated with baptismal and death mission records. This allowed for formulating alternative perspectives and putting indigenous response and resistance into context. The results of this study indicated that when acts of resistance to the colonial mission system led by charismatic Native American leaders are placed into chronological order, it appears these responses did not consist of isolated incidents. Rather, they appear to be connected through complex networks of communication and organization, and formal Native American armed resistance grew more intensive over time.