The spatial variability of vineyards can be characterised through precision viticulture that will allow setting the boundaries of homogeneous management zones. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of soil and plant management (site-specific management) to increase yields and improve berry quality. During three consecutive seasons, contrasting treatments designed ad hoc for two zones of vigour pre-established by NDVI were tested: high vigour zone (HV) and low vigour zone (LV). The treatments were aimed at reducing water and nitrogen supply and improving microclimatic conditions in the cluster zone in the HV zone. In the LV zone, treatments were aimed at increasing water and nitrogen supply. Leaf removal in the HV zone was the most efficient treatment to improve productivity and quality. Moreover, the water restriction improved grape quality, especially in a rainy year. The regulated deficit irrigation strategy applied in the LV zone at specific phenological stages was shown to increase vegetative growth, yield and to improve grape anthocyanins and phenols contents. The benefits of additional nitrogen supply in the LV zone on plant nitrogen status, yield, and berry composition were highly dependent on water availability. Ultimately, this study provided new insights into the relationship between water and nitrogen availability and how this determines vigour and influences yield and grape quality and influences the deviation from a “Productive Target” pattern. The use of site-specific techniques could be adjusted on a small production scale, thanks to mapping carried out with precision viticulture technologies.
El clima vitícola, un componente mayor del Terroir, fue identificado en la región sur del Uruguay: sequía moderada, templado cálido, noches templadas, sometido a la influencia de la brisa marina. En el período 1994-2016, se analizó el régimen térmico e hídrico y su influencia sobre el rendimiento, sanidad y composición de la uva, de viñedos comerciales de Tannat. ACP mostró 3 grupos de años: Grupo 1 (húmedo), precipitaciones del ciclo del cultivo superiores a la media, sanidad limitante, acidez y rendimiento mayores a la media y azúcares inferiores, cosechas tardías. Grupo 2 (cálido y seco), condiciones térmicas superiores al promedio y la componente hídrica por debajo, sanidad superior a la media, azúcares y acidez inferiores, cosechas adelantadas. Grupo 3 (fresco, húmedo en primavera y seco en maduración), condiciones térmicas inferiores a la media, precipitaciones superiores a la media en brotación –cuajado e inferiores en el mes previo a cosecha, superiores a la media azúcares y tamaño de baya, cosecha atrasada. Se establecieron correlaciones entre las variables del clima, rendimiento y la calidad de la uva. En la serie de años estudiada, la variabilidad climática de la región fue muy marcada y la respuesta de Tannat acompañó dicha variabilidad.
<p>Un problema que surge al evaluar la calidad fisiológica en <em>Cenchrus ciliaris </em>L. es el bajo porcentaje de germinación obtenido en los ensayos el ISTA debido a que la dormición en las semillas no es eliminada eficazmente con los pretratamientos indicados. El objetivo de este trabajo que desarrollar un método de análisis que permitiera determinar de manera más precisa la calidad de la semilla en <em>C. ciliaris</em> L. Se utilizaron semillas recién cosechadas del cultivar Texas. Los ensayos se extendieron por 6 meses, con intervalos de 3 meses entre cada uno. Se determinó la relación porcentual de fascículos llenos y la viabilidad por tetrazolio. En los ensayos de germinación se utilizaron diferentes alternativas de reparación de las semillas: fascículos intactos, fascículos escarificados, cariópsides intactas y cariópsides escarificadas. Se evaluó la evolución de la dormición en el tiempo (0, 3 y 6 meses) y la ruptura de ésta con diferentes tratamientos (testigo, frío, calor, KNO3 y AG3). Para determinar la calidad fisiológica en <em>C. ciliaris</em> L. es recomendable la utilización de cariópsides escarificadas y el tratamiento con ácido giberélico.</p>
Soil physical and chemical characteristics play a key role on vine growth and yield. The soils of South Uruguay display high content of montmorillonite or illite. The proportion of these minerals deserves special attention as they influence the soil structure and its hydrological properties. The present study was conducted in a 1.1 ha vineyard of this region (Canelones), characterized by a high heterogeneity of plant vigour. It was aimed to determine and map the physical and chemical properties of the soil and their relations with plant vigour and yield. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the clay and organic matter contents were measured in 84 locations within this vineyard to calculate the montmorillonite and illite contents of the soil. In addition, the type and abundance of clays was corroborated by X-ray diffractometry analysis. The CEC and montmorillonite contents were positively correlated with vine vigour, expressed by the Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI), trunk diameter, pruning weight, leaf area, and with yield. Thus, the within vineyard distribution of the ratio montmorillonite/illite conditioned the heterogeneity of vine growth and yield at the field level. The impact of those minerals on water and mineral supply to the plant is discussed.
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