S 1 Objectives: The purpose of this study was to define and delineate specific nontechnical 2 competencies for first-line public health responders in Chemical, Biological, Radiological and 3 Nuclear (CBRN) emergencies in China. 4 Study design: A qualitative study was conducted in China involving interviews with key 5 informants in the field of health response to CBRN disasters.6 Methods: One-on-one in-depth interviews were carried out with 20 participants, including 7 expert members of National Medical Response Teams for CBRN Disasters, officials at 8 emergency management authorities, and scholars of academic institutions related to CBRN 9 emergency. Interviews were recorded with audio equipment, transcribed and coded into 10 codable passages according to grounded theory with NVivo software. Themes were identified 11 within the transcriptions by using thematic analysis.12 Results: 159 codable passages were produced. Eight domains of nontechnical core 13 competencies were identified: (1) situation awareness, (2) communication skills, (3) 14 collaboration, (4) resource management, (5) task management, (6) cultural competency, (7) 15 austere environment skills, and (8) physical stamina. 16 Conclusions: The study identified a variety of competencies for on-scene public health 17 responders in CBRN emergencies. The findings of this study could specifically benefit 18 development of strategy and improvement of content of education and training. Further 19 research that involves input from the disaster response community at large are needed for the 20 validation of these competencies. 21 KEY WORDS: Nontechnical Competencies, Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear 22 Response, Disaster Medicine, Health Personnel Education/Training.23 24 25 Increasing Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) threats are a public 26 health challenge in China. China has experienced 200-600 accidents every year in hazardous 27 chemical industry 1 , frequent emerging epidemics 2 (e.g., COVID-19, SARS, H5N1 and 28 African Swine Flu), over 43 planned nuclear reactors 3 and unpredictable terrorism attacks. 29 China has invested heavily in the development of CBRN medical response capacity including 30 the CBRN Medical Response Teams (CBRN-MRT) designed to be deployed on the site. 31 In spite of the fact that public health responders adequately respond to the clinical or public 32 health aspects of disasters, they are not always prepared or trained to work in a real hazardous 33 environment and complex temporary situation 4 . The unique nature of intense working 34 relationships and particularly austere environment requires not only technical skills but also 35 nontechnical competencies. A body of previous studies have explored the components of 36 nontechnical competency for health workers in a critical environment 5-10 .It has been 37 established that interpersonal, social, and cognitive skills play an important role on the 38 response performance 11 . Those nontechnical competencies broadly involve a range of 39 kno...

ABSTRACT:Facing the monitoring needs of emergency responses to major disasters, combining the disaster information acquired at the first time after the disaster and the dynamic simulation result of the disaster chain evolution process, the overall plan for coordinated planning of spaceborne, airborne and ground observation resources have been designed. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of major disaster observation tasks, the key technologies of spaceborne, airborne and ground collaborative observation project are studied. For different disaster response levels, the corresponding workflow tasks are designed. On the basis of satisfying different types of disaster monitoring demands, the existing multi-satellite collaborative observation planning algorithms are compared, analyzed, and optimized.