Indigenous people require fit-for-purpose groundwater-surface water data to help First Nations strengthen the federal legislation governing the requirements of safe drinking water for First Nations On-Reserve. Prior to the 2009-2011 National Assessment of First Nations Water and Wastewater Systems, there was no nationally representative data on First Nations On Reserve groundwater geoscience. Currently, this rudimentary baseline report suggests that 158 water systems serve 115 Ontario First Nations. Within this, there are 94 surface water systems, 39 groundwater systems and 13 groundwater-under-the-direct-influence-of-surface-water systems. Ironically, the application of Province of Ontario regulations (such as the Provincial Policy Statement) to Reserve lands are viewed as best practice. Federal government water system policy and practice is not regulated and enforced. Rather, it is also viewed as best practice. This fragmented jurisdiction issue has direct implications to First Nations (FN) On-Reserve who rely on informal water management systems. Against this backdrop, FN must compete for special project, private or charitable funding sources to generate the science required to protect their drinking water sources. This study has a twofold intent: a) determine how publically funded geoscience providers could meet the groundwater geoscience information needs of 27 First Nations (FN) in Ontario Source Protection Regions; and, b) work with FN stakeholders to refine direction for future funding decisions that may protect raw water sources from threats to water and wastewater systems. Methods used included secondary data analysis, interviews with stakeholders (email, telephone and face to face) and focus groups, case study of water security service delivery review, and review of academic articles and primary documents (FN task forces, workshop and symposium reports). Factors examined included: Five different schools of thought around Ontario source water protection (SWP) planning; the competition and concentration trends within the Southern Ontario source water protection plan (SWP) industry. Progressively deepening communication gaps between well funded geoscience providers and Ontario First Nations South of 60 (who have pressing SWP geoscience information needs that are unique to First Nations On-Reserve rather than urban Canadians. Currently - 74 First Nations' On-Reserve live with boil advisory alert, and 7 First Nations live with do not drink advisories). Unfortunately First Nations On-Reserve within Ontario Source Protection Regions have not been working closely with geoscience providers (i.e. 36 Regional Conservation Authorities mandated to develop watershed SWP in 19 Source Protection Regions). This preliminary report provides some direction for future groundwater/source water research, education and outreach with Indigenous people in Canada. According to our project First Nations' On-Reserve Source Water Protection in Ontario Source Protection Regions there is an emerging need for geoscientists to: a) work with Indigenous technical services; b) to speak and understand an Indigenous language; and c) to grow the Indigenous capacity to interpret and apply aquifer-groundwater-surface water data. Encouraging Indigenous people's participation in groundwater geoscience is an opportunity that federal, provincial and municipal institutions should grasp. Building such efforts may provide 27 First Nations in Ontario Source Protection Regions with future On-Reserve-context-specific aquifer-groundwater-surface water data integration and risk analysis.

For over three weeks, fire suppression teams sought to control the 2018 Parry Sound 33 Wildfire (covering 11,362 hectares in northeastern Ontario). Following the fire, the wide spread concern has been the impact of the Parry Sound 33 Wildfire upon the Key Harbour First Nation's and Henvey Inlet First Nation's water security. This in turn has sparked groundwater geochemistry questions. Our research seeks to understand one question: how can the post-Parry Sound 33 fire water quality research provide guidance for future ground water research in Southern Ontario and across Canada? Informed by research from i) post fire mobilization of contaminants into surface water resources; ii) short term impacts of fire events on karst; and iii) community based fire management, this project has several objectives: a) Provide gap analysis of the post-fire groundwater for drinking water quality research; b) Detail how Canadian universities and research institutions take a strategic view of post-fire water quality research to support land use planning and public health and safety initiatives; c) Document actionable information products created to communicate to communities how to manage post fire water quality. This paper presents preliminary results of our research, noting: Contamination of high quality potable water in groundwater can occur through natural events such as wildfires because wildfires modify the surface environment by combusting vegetation and changing soil properties; Most prior research on post-fire water quality research has focused on surface water to determine fire-prone forested water source areas; The emerging field of post fire contamination of water sources is receiving considerable attention, evidenced by the 2018 NSERC funded Water Institute/University of Waterloo project. But there is little research being done to understand the vulnerabilities of groundwater aquifers to post fire debris, sediment and chemical constituents (indicators that could be included in future assessments). This paper is intended to inform discussions on the preparation of suitable post fire water management plans in order to maintain drinking water quality in a cost-effective manner.