In the context of a growing demand of high‐resolution spatial soil information for environmental planning and modeling, fast and accurate prediction methods are needed to provide high‐quality digital soil maps. Thus, this study focuses on the development of a methodology based on artificial neural networks (ANN) that is able to spatially predict soil units. Within a test area in Rhineland‐Palatinate (Germany), covering an area of about 600 km2, a digital soil map was predicted. Based on feed‐forward ANN with the resilient backpropagation learning algorithm, the optimal network topology was determined with one hidden layer and 15 to 30 cells depending on the soil unit to be predicted. To describe the occurrence of a soil unit and to train the ANN, 69 different terrain attributes, 53 geologic‐petrographic units, and 3 types of land use were extracted from existing maps and databases. 80% of the predicted soil units (n = 33) showed training errors (mean square error) of the ANN below 0.1, 43% were even below 0.05. Validation returned a mean accuracy of over 92% for the trained network outputs. Altogether, the presented methodology based on ANN and an extended digital terrain‐analysis approach is time‐saving and cost effective and provides remarkable results.
Three adult dialysis patients developed ascites after having received repeatedly the plasma substitute hydroxyethyl starch (HES 40/0.5). In two cases (total dose 180, and 330 g HES, respectively) the ascites was reversible after discontinuation of the HES administration. In the third case (total dose 915 g HES) the ascites could be controlled only by implantation of a Denver shunt. In this latter case it was shown by histological, electron microscopical, and biochemical findings that the ascites was caused by hepatic sinusoidal obstruction due to an extreme storage of HES in the sinusoidal lining cells. Additional storage was detected in hepatocytes, bile duct epithelia, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts in the portal tracts. Biochemically HES was found in liver tissue at a concentration of 4% (w/w). Although in renal impairment plasma clearance of HES is not significantly different from normal individuals, long-term administration of HES must be regarded inadvisable because of tissue storage which apparently is especially significant in this condition.
Bei freiwilligen Versuchspersonen wurden innerhalb von 60 min 30 g Hydroxyaethylstärke (HÄS 450/0,7) oder 30 g Dextran (60) intravenös verabreicht. Anschließend wurde der Verlauf der Serumkonzentration der Hydrokolloide über einen Zeitraum von 10 Tagen kontrolliert. Gleichzeitig wurde die Ausscheidung der Polysaccharide im 24-h-Sammelharn bestimmt. Zum Nachweis der Polysaccharide wurde eine modifizierte Glykogenbestimmung mit Ausfällung verwendet. Während der ersten 6 h nach der Infusion erfolgt die Konzentrationsabnahme von Dextran im Serum etwas rascher als diejenige von Hydroxyaethylstärke. Nach etwa einer Woche ist kein Dextran mehr im Serum nachweisbar, während selbst 10 Tage nach der Infusion noch 10–20 % der anfänglichen Hydroxyaethylstärke-Konzentration im Serum festgestellt werden können. Im Ham wird in den ersten 24 h Dextran etwas rascher ausgeschieden als Hydroxyaethylstärke. Nach 48 h ist dieser Unterschied etwa ausgeglichen, von beiden Hydrokolloiden sind jeweils etwa 45 % der infundierten Menge im Harn aufgefunden worden. Die Dextranausscheidung nimmt dann anschließend rasch ab auf Werte im Grenzbereich der Nachweismethode, während die Hydroxyaethylstärke-Ausscheidung nach einer vorübergehenden Abnahme nochmals starker zunimmt. Nach 10 Tagen sind weniger als 50% des infundierten Dextrans erfaßt, während bei Hydroxyaethylstärke etwa 75 % der verabreichten Menge erfaßt sind. Im Tierexperiment wurde für beide Hydrokolloide eine Speicherung nachgewiesen. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, daß die nachweisbar persistierende Hydroxyaethylstärke-Fraktion für ein vorteilhaftes längeres Verweilen dieses Hydrokolloids im intravaskulären Bereich spricht. Der Verbleib der nichterfaβten Hydrokolloidfraktionen muß insbesondere im Tierexperiment noch weiter verfolgt werden. Es wird angenommen, daß weder Dextranase noch Serumamylase für ihren Abbau größere Bedeutung haben.
Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed with variable glucose loads (30 gm., 50 gm., 100 gm., 200 gm., 300 gm.) in groups of healthy subjects. The concentrations of blood glucose, serum insulin and free fatty acids were measured in venous blood. Blood glucose concentration was also determined in capillary and arterial blood. The differences in glucose concentrations between capillary and venous blood were as high as 40 mg./lOO ml. The magnitude of the differences was related both to the time of determination and to the glucose load. One hundred and twenty minutes after beginning the tests there were little differences between the glucose concentration in capillary blood and in venous blood after doses of 30 or 50 gm. glucose. With larger doses of glucose higher values than the pretest values were still found in capillary blood but not in venous blood at the same time and also 180 min. after beginning the tests. Also, in contrast to the findings with doses of 30 or 50 gm. glucose, serum insulin levels were still elevated at 120 minutes after the higher glucose loads. The high values of serum insulin (70 to 90 juU./ml.) and the concentration differences between capillary and venous blood are explained best by the secretion of biologically active insulin because of a continual intestinal absorption of glucose. This confirms the assumption that the secretion of insulin is obviously not only stimulated by the actual blood glucose concentration but also by intestinal absorption of glucose. This mechanism is important in the oral glucose tolerance test because only 120 minutes after a load of 100 gm. glucose there is a continuous insulin secretion. DIA-
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