The primary aim of this investigation was to determine the long term overall accuracy of an irradiation position of Gamma Knife systems. The mechanical accuracy of the system as well as the overall accuracy of an irradiation position was examined by irradiating radiosensitive films. To measure the mechanical accuracy, the GafChromic film was fixed by a special tool at the unit center point (UCP). For overall accuracy the film was mounted inside a phantom at a target position given by a two-dimensional cross. Its position was determined by CT or MRI scans, a treatment was planned to hit this target by use of the standard planning software and the radiation was finally delivered. This procedure is named "system test" according to DIN 6875-1 and is equivalent to a treatment simulation. The used GafChromic films were evaluated by high resolution densitometric measurements. The Munich Gamma Knife UCP coincided within x; y; z: -0.014 +/- 0.09 mm; 0.013 +/- 0.09 mm; -0.002 +/- 0.06 mm (mean +/- SD) to the center of dose distribution. There was no trend in the measured data observed over more than ten years. All measured data were within a sphere of 0.2 mm radius. When basing the target definition in the system test on MRI scans, we obtained an overall accuracy of an irradiation position in the x direction of 0.21 +/- 0.32 mm and in the y direction 0.15 +/- 0.26 mm (mean +/- SD). When a CT-based target definition was used, we measured distances in x direction 0.06 +/- 0.09 mm and in y direction 0.04 +/- 0.09 mm (mean +/- SD), respectively. These results were compared with those obtained with a Gamma Knife equipped with an automatic positioning system (APS) by use of a different phantom. This phantom was found to be slightly less accurate due to its mechanical construction and the soft fixation into the frame. The phantom related position deviation was found to be about +/- 0.2 mm, and therefore the measured accuracy of the APS Gamma Knife was evidently less precise by additional +/- 0.2 mm. These measurements demonstrate that an irradiation position defined by a CT scan can be hit within the intrinsic system precision. In radiosurgery with the Gamma Knife, a fixation with the Leksell stereotactic frame is applied. As this frame is considered to add no further uncertainties due to patient movements, the measured accuracy applies to a real patient treatment situation. The major contribution to the overall accuracy of an irradiation position is given by the MRI scans.

The new DIN (‘Deutsche Industrie-Norm’) 6875-1, which is currently being finalised, deals with quality assurance (QA) criteria and tests methods for linear accelerator and Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy including treatment planning, stereotactic frame and stereotactic imaging and a system test to check the whole chain of uncertainties. Our existing QA program, based on dedicated phantoms and test procedures, has been refined to fulfill the demands of this new DIN. The radiological and mechanical isocentre corresponded within 0.2 mm and the measured 50% isodose lines were in agreement with the calculated ones within less than 0.5 mm. The measured absorbed dose was within 3%. The resultant output factors measured for the 14-, 8- and 4-mm collimator helmet were 0.9870 ± 0.0086, 0.9578 ± 0.0057 and 0.8741 ± 0.0202, respectively. For 170 consecutive tests, the mean geometrical accuracy was 0.48 ± 0.23 mm. Besides QA phantoms and analysis software developed in-house, the use of commercially available tools facilitated the QA according to the DIN 6875-1 with which our results complied.

No abstract

No abstract