Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder with a prevalence of 5%-10% in the world that negatively impacts school behavior and achievement. There have been many studies reveals that attention disorders are caused by the decreased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter. However, particular concern nowadays are the emotional and behavioral problems. The emotional and behavioral problem is suspected to be caused by the decrease in serotonin level. The aim of this study was to determine the difference in serotonin level between ADHD and non-ADHD children.Method: This study was an observational case-control study design using random sampling method. Subject of this study was children in Bina Karya Elementary School Surabaya. ADHD severity was assessed using Conners Abreviated Rating Scale. Examination of serotonin levels in blood was done by ELISA method. Informed consent was signed by parents before the study. Data was analyzed using independent T-test.Results: 44 (23 ADHD and 21 non-ADHD) children from grade 1 to 6 was included in the study. Based on the gender, 13 children were girls and 31 children were boys. Serotonin level in ADHD children was significantly higher than non-ADHD children (2.148 ± 0.94 vs 2.006 ± 0.115 μmol/L; p = 0.0001). Conclusion:Serotonin level in ADHD children was significantly higher than non-ADHD children.

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Disorders that occur in the skeletal muscles that are felt by individuals ranging from mild to very severe complaints, namely Musculoskeletal Disorders. MSDs complaints can be caused by incorrect work position or attitude, exposure to vibrations, repeated heavy lifting of weights, bending, prolonged sitting, geometry of the spinal lumbar canal and others. This study aimed to determine musculoskeletal complaints in red brick new workers and the factors that influence them. This research method uses descriptive analytic research with a cross sectional approach. The research was conducted in February 2021 in Tanah Putih Village, Kupang Regency, with 40 red brick workers. The independent variable of this research was ergonomic risk and the dependent variable is musculoskeletal disorders. The measuring tool used the nordic body map and a questionnaire. The first step was the creation of a questionnaire in the form of a table containing a list of body parts and a dichotomous scale for pain assessment. Data analysis technique used chi square. The results showed that there were three factors causing musculoskeletal disorders and the two factors had no relationship. Years of work, smoking behavior, work attitudes, working hours have a relationship with musculoskeletal disorders, whereas age and workload have no relationship with musculoskeletal disorders. Suggestions in research for new red brick workers must pay attention to and improve their work attitude, so they can avoid musculoskeletal complaints.

Introduction: Plumbum is a heavy metal that is neurotoxic in children. Plumbum exposure in slum and densely populated environments adversely affects physical growth, nervous system development, memory disorders and learning disorders, cognitive deficits, psychological disorders and negative temperament of children that persist until adulthood. Zinc is an important trace element in the body. Increased free radical production and oxidative stress can interfere with homeostasis trace elements. Trace element zinc plays an important role in the mechanism of oxidants and antioxidants in microorganisms.Method: This study is an analytical study with a cross-sectional design with sampling using the random sampling method in grade 3 to 6 grade BK Surabaya elementary school. Measuring plumbum and zinc levels using hair media was measured by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and temperament measurements using the Indonesia's Children's Temperament Questionnaire.Results and Discussions: Disorders of elemental levels and elemental imbalances will result in oxidative cellular component damage associated with the child's negative temperament which adversely affects communication with parents, siblings with peers and poor academic performance. This disorder can be sustained in adolescence with clinical manifestations of aggressiveness, behavioral disorders and substance abuse and in adulthood the negative impact of difficulty finding work and poor communication in the family.Conclusions: Pb, Zinc, the ratio of zinc to Plumbum is significant to the child's temperament.