Optical trapping techniques have been used to investigate fundamental biological processes ranging from the identification of the processive mechanisms of kinesin and myosin to understanding the mechanics of DNA. To date, these investigations have relied almost exclusively on the use of isotropic probes based on colloidal microspheres. However, there are many potential advantages in utilizing more complex probe morphologies: use of multiple trapping points enables control of the interaction volume; increasing the distance between the optical trap and the sample minimizes photodamage in sensitive biological materials; and geometric anisotropy introduces the potential for asymmetric surface chemistry and multifunctional probes. Here we demonstrate that living cells of the freshwater diatom Nitzschia subacicularis Hustedt can be exploited as advanced probes for holographic optical tweezing applications. We characterize the optical and material properties associated with the high shape anisotropy of the silica frustule, examine the trapping behavior of the living algal cells, and demonstrate how the diatoms can be calibrated for use as force sensors and as force probes in the presence of rat B-cell hybridoma (11B11) cells.
Whereas 2H-benztriazoles are photochemically stable, 1 H-benztriazoles yield biradicals after splitting ofT nitrogen. These biradicals attack aromatic substratessuch as anisole, toluene, fluorobenzene or benzonitrile preferentially in the o-and p-positions with formation of the corresponding o-amino biphenyls (cf. schemes 2-5). With a deficiency of aromatic substrate, attack at the o-
~ Kondensation von (&)-Tryptophan rnit (+)-khylbernsteinsaureanhydrid fdhrte zu einemGcmisch der beiden Acylaminosauren 2 und 6. Die reinc Saure 2 gab beim Erhitzcn mit einem Gemisch von Polyphosphorsaure, Phosphoroxychlorid und V205 zur Hauptsachc das bereits bekannte 4-khylcanthin-6-on (3). Das daraus bereitetc 4-khylcanthin (5) lieR sich durch Sclcndioxyd in 3 zuriickfiihren. Oxydative Cyclisierung von 6 und nachfolgende Hydrierung des Cyclisationsproduktes gab 5-khyl-4.5-dihydrocanthin-6-on (7), das iiber 8 in das Alkaloid Tuboflavin (1) umgewandelt werden konnte. Die glcichc Cyclisierung mit (*)-Succinyltryptophan fiihrte zum Alkaloid Canthin-6-on (10). Vor einiger Zeit wurde uber die Isolierung und Strukturaufklarung des Tuboflavins, eines Nebenalkaloides aus der Rinde von
On irradiation in benzene 1‐methyl‐5‐phenyl‐Δ2‐pyrazoline (1) is partly converted into trans‐ and cis‐1‐methylazo‐2‐phenyl‐cyclopropanes (2 and 3) in the ratio of 23:77. Both 2 and 3 on thermal treatment are reconverted to 1. A concurrent thermal equilibration of 2 and 3 is also observed. 1, 3‐Dimethyl‐5‐phenyl‐Δ2‐pyrazoline (5) on irradiation in benzene yields the corresponding trans‐ and cis‐1‐methylazo‐1‐methyl‐2‐phenyl‐cyclopropanes (6 and 7). In contrast similar treatment of 5‐phenyl‐Δ2‐pyrazoline gives benz‐ and cinnamaldazine (9 and 11) along with the corresponding mixed aldazine (10).
Summary. Treatment of 4,5-dihydrocanthin-6-one (V) (prepared from synthetic canthinone (IV)) with ethyl or methyl magnesium iodide and methanolic hydrochloric acid yielded the ethyl or methyl compounds VI and IX. Oxidation of the latter compounds with selenium dioxide in dimethylformamide gave rise to the Pleiocavpa alkaloids isotuboflavine (11) and norisotuboflavine (111) in low yields. Deethyltuboflavine (VIII) was isolated as a byproduct from further oxidation of norisotuboflavine.Aus der Apocynacee Pleiocarfia mutica BENTHAM sind bisher die folgenden vier /?-Carbolin-Alkaloide isoliert worden : Flavocarpin [2], Tuboflavin (I) [3], Isotuboflavin (11) [4] und Norisotuboflavin (111) [4]. Die beiden erstgenannten Pflanzenbasen sind auch synthetisch erhalten worden ( Andere Oxydationsmittel erwiesen sich entweder als wirkungslos oder als zu weitgehend. Schliesslich gelang es, das gesuchte Isotuboflavin (11) in der allerdings bescheidenen Ausbeute von 6,3% durch Oxydation von VI mit Selendioxid in Dimethylformamid (DMF) bei 80" zu gewinnen. Wir nehmen an, dass dabei zunachst das 4-0x0-Derivat von VI entsteht, welches unter Methanolabspaltung in I1 ubergeht. Das synthetische Produkt, gelbe Nadeln vom Smp. 268-270°, erwies sich auf Grund des 1R.-, UV.-und Massenspektrums als identisch rnit naturlichem [4] Isotuboflavin.
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