the entire follow-up period post-1L therapy initiation were adjusted to 2018 US dollars ($) and compared by cohort. Total costs included the sum of medical (inpatient, outpatient) and pharmacy costs. Results: Of 271 mRCC patients, mean age was 67.9 years for the total sample. Patient characteristics were similar between the early (n=137) and delayed (n=134) progression cohorts. The median time to progression was 168 days. Patients in the early progression cohort had significantly higher mean PPPM inpatient admissions (0.2 vs 0.1), mean PPPM outpatient visits (4.0 vs 3.4), and longer mean PPPM inpatient length of stay (1.0 vs 0.4 days) (all p,0.

Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) results in serious maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes, including increased risk of miscarriage, macrosomia, complications if glucose levels are not well controlled. In most individuals, they have difficulty in adhering to self-management programs. Telemedicine or technology use is thought to be able to enhance self-management. This review aims to examine the impact of telemedicine in supporting pregnant women with gestational diabetes. Methods: Four databases were systematically searched from database inception to December 31, 2019 for randomised controlled trials that examined telemedicine use in gestational diabetes mellitus. Two independent reviewers assessed for eligibility and risk of bias, with any conflicts resolved by a third reviewer. Random effects-meta analysis was performed. Results: A total of 14 randomised controlled trials which recruited 1,331 pregnant women with GDM were included. Telemedicine were used to monitor and track participants SMBG results and provide education as well as support. Pooled analyses found that women randomised to telemedicine experienced a smaller weight gain (mean difference -1.68 kg [95% CI: -2.91 to -0.46]). However, the effects of telemedicine on other maternal outcomes, such as fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c and need for medication use were equivocal. No significant adverse effects were reported in all studies. Conclusions: The use of telemedicine appears to offer limited additional benefits in women with GDM. Further larger randomised controlled studies are needed to delineate the benefits of telemedicine before these can be recommended for GDM care.

OBJECTIVES: With rapid ageing, prevalence of dementia in the elderly is increasing at a fast rate. This study aimed to examine the medical expenditure for dementia in the elderly and to analyze factors affecting its expenditure in South Korea. METHODS:We analyzed the data of sampled patients from National Health Insurance. Direct medical costs including hospitalization, out-patient service and pharmacy costs were calculated from claims of patients in 2010. To examine the determinants of costs, we used a two-part model to deal with the zero values of expenditure. The first part predicted the probability of any expenditure with a logistic regression while the second part used an OLS regression model with logtransformed expenditure. RESULTS: Average medical expenditure in the total of 3729 dementia patients was 5.6 million won. Average expenditure increased with severity (pϭ0.004). In the first part, patients in the long-term care facilities had a lower probability of expensing medical costs than patients with family-based care (ORϭ0.30, 95% CIϭ 0.21-0.43). The probability of incurring expenditure was much higher for severe patients than mild patients (ORϭ1.33, 95% CIϭ 1.02-1.74). Among the patients with expenditure, better educated (elementary, middle school graduates and high school graduates) spent more costs than under educated (less than elementary graduates) patients (17%, 27%, respectively) (pϽ0.05). Cost estimates demonstrated that education levels, facility care and types of dementia were significantly associated with the costs. Interestingly, the costs were 20% lower for severe patients versus mild patients because outpatient and pharmacy costs decreased as the severity increases. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a burden of medical expenditure for dementia and associations between various factors and costs. Costs were significantly different among conditions. However, this study considered only medical costs for dementia. Therefore, further research needs to include non-medical costs and indirect costs for dementia.

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the costs and effects of treatment with IDegAsp twice daily versus BIAsp 30 twice daily over a 2-year period, from the perspective of Chinese healthcare payers. The clinical data required for the model were obtained from a phase III treat-to-target clinical trial in China (NCT02762578), including insulin dosing, hypoglycemia rates, and reduced body mass index (BMI). Costs including treatment cost and hypoglycemic cost and event-related disutility data were derived from published sources. The insulin prices were the averaged drug provincial biding prices until December 2019 in china. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. No discounting was applied for such a short time horizon. Results: Compared with BIAsp 30, treatment with IDegAsp was associated with an improvement of 0.0252 (1.5388 vs. 1.5137) quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) over a 2-year time horizon, driven by lower rates of hypoglycemic events, and less additional self-measured blood glucose (SMBG) test for hypoglycemic events. IDegAsp saved 289 CNY for total cost than BIAsp 30 (38,803 vs. 39,092). Cost savings were primarily driven by lower hypoglycemic cost (8,409 CNY, 6,738 vs. 15,147), which offset the higher insulin costs (8,120 CNY, 20,816 vs. 12,696) relative to BIAsp 30. Results were robust across a range of sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: This short-term cost-effectiveness model showed that, compared with BIAsp 30, IDegAsp resulted in a gain of QALYs and savings in costs, and was a dominant treatment option for people with T2DM in China.