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KEYWORDSThe aim of the present study was to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits either used individually or in a combination on alloxan diabetic rats. These fruits are reported to be rich in antioxidants, flavonoids and phenolics that can potentially fight against diabetes mellitus. Male albino rats were divided into 5 groups: normal control, alloxan-diabetic control, diabetic rats treated with white mulberry fruit powder at 5% in the diet, diabetic rats treated with black mulberry fruit powder at 5% in the diet and diabetic rats treated with mixture of white and black mulberry fruits powder at 5% in the diet. After 4 weeks of treatment, blood glucose level, liver and kidney enzymes activity, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and histopathological studies on liver, kidney and pancreas were evaluated. The mixture of white and black mulberry fruits showed the most significant (p < 0.05) improvement in feed efficiency ratio with increasing body weight gain, as well as decrease in blood glucose level and liver-kidney dysfunction when compared with diabetic control rats. Significant decrease in serum cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) as well as significant increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) in diabetic rats was observed with all treatments. Moreover, mulberry fruits administration caused significant inhibition in lipid peroxidation and α-amylase activity. In addition, the beneficial effect of all treatments was further confirmed with histopathological examination of liver, kidney and pancreas. This study reveals hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of white and black mulberry fruits either used individually or in combination as a dietary supplement in alloxan diabetic rats. Alloxan Antidiabetic Hypoglycemic Morus alba fruits Morus nigra fruits Lipid peroxidation

The oral toxicity of both insecticides: the neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam (TMX) and the avermectin Emamectin Benzoate (EB) was conducted daily in female rats with doses of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg/body weight (bw) for TMX and 1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg bw for EB for 90 successive days. Significant decrease in the body weight gain and food consumption was observed at highest dose (100 mg/kg bw) of TMX and (5 mg/kg/ bw) of EB and at necropsy the relative body weights of liver and kidney was also significantly increased at this dose level. There were no significant changes in hematological parameters for TMX, while the high dose of EB significantly decreased in all the investigated hematological parameters. In clinical chemistry parameters a significant increase (p < 0.05) was noted in serum AST, ALT, ALP and BUN in animals exposed to 100 mg/kg bw dose of TMX and 5 mg/kg bw of EB. On the other hand, at the same levels there was a dose-depended significant decrease in serum total protein and albumin. Oral administration of TMX and EB to female rats for 90 days resulted in 16-30% and 15-26% inhibition of serum cholinesterase (ChE) activity, respectively. Liver and kidney of rats exposed with high dose of TMX and EB had showed mild pathological changes. Based on the hematological, biochemical and histpathological studies it is evident that TMX and EB has not produced any significant effects at 20 and 1.25 mg/kg bw doses respectively but induced toxicological effects at 100 mg/kg bw for TMX and 5 mg/kg bw for EB to female rats. Hence, 25 mg/kg bw/day for TMX and 1.25 mg/kg bw/day for EB dose may be considered as No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) for female rats for both insecticides respectively.

Novel fused and isolated triazoles based on thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidines were synthesized starting from 2‐aminothiophene ester and structurally confirmed by spectral and analytical data. The synthesized triazolo compounds were screened for their phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitory activity and showed encouraging activity than did sildenafil as a reference drug.