Fruit phenolics are important dietary antioxidant and antidiabetic constituents. The fruit parts (pulp, seed, seed coat, kernel) of underutilized indigenous six black jamun landraces (Syzygium cumini L.), found in Gir forest region of India and differed in their fruit size, shape and weight, are evaluated and correlated with antidiabetic, DPPH radical scavenging and phenolic constituents. The a-amylase inhibitors propose an efficient antidiabetic strategy and the levels of postprandial hyperglycemia were lowered by restraining starch breakdown. The sequential solvent systems with ascending polarity-petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and water were performed for soxhlet extraction by hot percolation method and extractive yield was found maximum with methanolic fruit part extracts of six landraces. The methanolic extracts of fruit parts also evidenced higher antidiabetic activity and hence utilized for further characterization. Among the six landraces, pulp and kernel of BJLR-6 (very small, oblong fruits) evidenced maximum 53.8 and 98.2% inhibition of a-amylase activity, respectively. The seed attained inhibitory activity mostly contributed by the kernel fraction. The inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging activity was positively correlated with phenol constituents. An HPLC-PDA technique was used to quantify the seven individual phenolics. The seed and kernel of BJLR-6 exhibited higher individual phenolics-gallic, catechin, ellagic, ferulic acids and quercetin, whereas pulp evidenced higher with gallic acid and catechin as a-amylase inhibitors. The IC 50 value indicates concentration of fruit extracts exhibiting C50% inhibition on porcine pancreatic a-amylase (PPA) activity. The kernel fraction of BJLR6 evidenced lowest (8.3 lg ml-1) IC 50 value followed by seed (12.9 lg ml-1), seed coat (50.8 lg ml-1) and pulp (270 lg ml-1). The seed and kernel of BJLR-6 inhibited PPA at much lower concentrations than standard acarbose (24.7 lg ml-1) considering good candidates for antidiabetic herbal formulations. Keywords Syzygium cumini L. Á Fruit parts Á a-Amylase inhibition Á Antioxidant activity Á HPLC profile Á Herbal formulation Abbreviations DPPH 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl NIDDM Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus WHO World health organization BJLR Black jamun landraces HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography DNSA Di-nitro salicylic acid PDA Photodiode array 2FCRD Two factor complete block randomized design PPA Porcine pancreatic a-amylase IC 50 50% inhibition of enzyme activity Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

Twelve isolates of Trichoderma (six of T. harzianum, five of T. viride, one of T. virens), which reduced variably the incidence of collar rot disease caused in peanut by Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem, were evaluated for their potential to produce lytic enzymes during in vitro antagonism. T. viride 60 inhibited highest (86.2%) growth of test fungus followed by T. harzianum 2J (80.4%) at 6 days after inoculation (DAI) on PDA media. The specific activities of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase and protease were 11, 3.46 and 9 folds higher in T6 antagonist (T. viride 60 and A. niger interactions) followed by 8.72, 2.85 and 9 folds in T8antagonist (T. harzianum 2J and A. niger interactions), respectively, compared to the activity produced by control petri plate T13 (A. niger alone) at 6 DAI. Activity of these lytic enzymes induced in antagonists’ plates comprises the growth of Trichoderma isolates. However, cellulase and poly galacturonase were found least amount in these antagonists treatment. A significant positive correlation (p=0.01) between percentage growth inhibition of test fungus and lytic enzymes – (chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase and protease) in the culture medium of antagonist treatment established a relationship to inhibit growth of fungal pathogen by increasing the levels of these enzymes. Among the Trichoderma isolates, T. viride 60 was found best strain to be used in biological control of plant pathogen A. niger.

The potent biocontrol agent Trichoderma interfusant (Fu21) derived by protoplast fusion of mycoparasitic T.virens NBAII Tvs12 and multistress (fungicides and abiotic stress) tolerant T. koningii MTCC796. The chitin‐induced exometabolites harvested by culturing the diverse and stress tolerant Trichoderma fusant (Fu21) and utilized for synthesis of green silver nanoparticles (Ag‐NPs). Green Ag‐NPs characterized for size (62.6 nm in PSA), shape (spherical with 59.66 ± 4.18 nm under SEM), stability (51.2 mv as ZETA) and purity (3.40 ke V peak corresponded to the binding energy of silver under EDAX). A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy exhibited electromagnetic spectra of various functional groups of exometabolites conforming the synthesis of green Ag‐NPs. We investigated novel route and mechanism of mycelial degradation at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of green nanoformulation (20 μg Ag.ml−1) to restrain phytopathogen Sclerotium rolfsii. The antifungal action of green Ag‐NPs on MIC at 3 DAI elevated the mycelial cell membrane leakages (sugars and proteins), lipid peroxidation, depressed the respiratory chain dehydrogenase activity and destroyed the structure of S. rolfsii mycelia (SEM morphology) which cause phytopathogen to die. The use of green Ag‐NPs as antifungal agent is considered to be eco‐friendly resource, alternate to fungicides and cost‐effective means to diminish phytopathogen S. rolfsii causing stem rot in groundnut. Further, bioefficacy of green Ag‐NPs against S. rolfsii may be tested under field condition in groundnut rhizosphere which proved sustainability and it's advancement towards greener chemistry.

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