Resumen: Introducción. El estudio de la prevalencia de fisuras labiopalatinas y la determinación de indicadores de riesgo ayuda a prevenir su ocurrencia mejorando las condiciones durante la concepción o gestación. También favorece diagnósticos precoces que atenúan el impacto emocional favoreciendo el apego madre-hijo y mejorando la respuesta materna al tratamiento. Ambas situaciones permiten optimizar y focalizar los recursos sanitarios disponibles. Material y Método. Se determinó la incidencia de fisuras labiopalatinas y la asociación a factores de riesgo en los RNV beneficiarios del Hospital Clínico Félix Bulnes de Santiago de Chile entre enero del año 1998 y junio del 2005. Se estudió además condiciones y exposición maternas a agentes ambientales asociados a fisura labial y/o palatina. Resultados. Sobre un total de 36.041 RNV consecutivos, se registraron 51 casos de fisurados, obteniéndose una tasa de 1,42 x 1000 RNV. Conclusiones. Los indicadores de riesgo identificados correspondieron a edad materna menor a veinte años asociado al primer embarazo; alto grado de etnicidad amerindia e historia familiar positiva para este tipo de malformación. Nuestro estudio apoya la teoría de herencia multifactorial de la susceptibilidad a las fisuras labiopalatinas.Abstract: Introduction. The study of the prevalence of cleft lip and palate and the identification of risk groups helps to improve the treatment of this condition. Occurrence may be prevented by improving environmental conditions during pregnancy and ensuring early diagnosis, thus lessening the emotional impact on the family and reinforcing the early mother-child bond. The aim of this study was to improve prevention levels and thus enhance health resources. Material and Method. The frequency of cleft lip and palate and its association with risk factors was studied in live births of the Felix Bulnes University Hospital in Santiago between January 1998 and June 2005. Maternal conditions and exposure to environmental agents associated with cleft lip and/or palate were examined. Results. Out of a total of 36,041 births, 51 cases of cleft lip and palate were found, which yielded a rate of 1.42 x 1000 births. Conclusions. Analysis of risk indicators identified: mothers under the age of 20 years, usually with their first pregnancy, a high degree of Amerindian admixture and family history positive for this malformation. Our study supports the multifactorial inheritance theory of susceptibility to cleft lip and palate.
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