57Bezabih Emana and Starck, H., 1992. Improvement strategies far farming systems in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia. Agric. Econ., 8: 57-77.Eleven distinct farming systems were distinguishcd, based on selected indicators and locations. The indicators involve the resource basis, cropping pattern and intcnsity, and the major activities including off-farm work. Statistical tests were uscd to vcrify the differences. Accounting for the givcn constraints and for the intcrdcpcndcncies of the system's componcnts, strategies are devcloped to improve their poor economie performance. A linear programming model is used to evaluate the cffects on farm performance of (a) reallocating the existing farm resources, and (b) introduction of improved technologies, The type of relationship among the clements of the farming system determines the ove ra Il outcome of any improvement effort. Groundnut and livestock production are highly competitive. A package of technological innovations is needcd to uchicvc a major improvcmcnt on the smallest farms.
Summary The paper summarizes a decade of experience with problems of export orientated horticulture in developing countries. This sector of the economy is only suitable as an instrument of development if its competitiveness on the international market is guaranteed and maintained. How such efforts are to be assessed as contributions to development policy depends over and above this on how they contribute towards the most important goals of development. Both aspects, which influence the organisational form of export projects, are closely connected. After a brief survey of the most important factors and weaknesses of the vertical integration and marketing systems determining efficiency, the paper looks at the problems of goals of development. It then links up with the idea of basic needs. A final section establishes the connection between the organisational form of export production and the expected contributions to the aims. The various possibilities of designing export orientated horticultural projects and the differences both in the points of departure and the framework of conditions in each case provide no definite answer to the question asked in the theme. However, it becomes clear that efficiency and competitiveness are indeed necessary but not adequate criteria for their assessment from the viewpoint of development policy. Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit zieht Resumee aus einem Jahrzehnt Erfahrungen mit Problemen des exportorientierten Gartenbaues in Entwicklungsländern. Als Instrument der Entwicklung ist dieser Sektor nur geeignet, wenn seine Wettbewerbsfähigkeit am internationalen Markt gewährleistet und erhalten wird. Wie die entwicklungspolitischen Beiträge derartiger Bemühungen zu beurteilen sind, hängt darüber hinaus von den Zielbeiträgen ab, die sie zu den wichtigsten Zielen der Entwicklung leisten. Beide Aspekte stehen in engem Zusammenhang, die die Organisationsformen von Exportprojekten sowohl hinsichtlich ihrer Effizienz als auch ihrer Zielbeiträge beeinflussen. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die wichtigsten effizienzbe‐stimmenden Faktoren und Schwachstellen von vertikalen Produktionsund Absatzsystemen geht die Arbeit auf die Zielproblematik der Entwicklung ein. Sie knüpft dabei an das Konzept der Basic Needs an. In einem letzten Abschnitt stellt sie die Verbindung zwischen Organisationsformen der Exporterzeugung und den zu erwartenden ‐ positiven und negativen ‐ Zielbeiträgen her. Die vielfältigen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten für exportorientierte Gartenbauprojekte und die Unterschiede der jeweiligen Ausgangssituationen und Rahmenbedingungen lassen keine eindeutige Antwort auf die im Thema gestellte Frage zu; es wird jedoch deutlich, daß Effizienz und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zwar notwendig, aber keine hinreichenden Kriterien für deren Beurteilung aus entwicklungspolitischer Sicht sind.
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