Skin acts as the primary defence organ and is composed of epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue 1 that protects against ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, environmental toxins, allergens, pathogens, dehydration and other external threats. 2 Disruption of the skin barrier is associated with the development of inflammatory skin disease including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, rosacea and skin cancer. 3 Although UV irradiation can have beneficial effects, such as vitamin D synthesis and killing pathogens, acute and chronic UV exposure to human skin causes skin inflammation, photoageing and skin cancer. 4 UV light is divided into three components of different wavelengths:

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