Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the efects of scapular-focused treatment with (SFTF) and without (SFT) feedback on pain, function, and scapular kinematics in patients with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome (SIS). Methods Seventy-ive males and females with SIS were randomly assigned into SFTF (n = 25), SFT (n = 25) and control (n = 25) groups. The primary outcome was pain, assessed by Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The secondary outcomes were function and scapular kinematics, assessed by DASH Questionnaire and a 3-D motion capture, respectively. All outcomes were measured at the baseline and after the 8-week interventions. Results A post hoc analysis performed to show signiicant diferences between groups after the 8-week interventions. For pain, there were signiicant diferences between SFTF vs. SFT (ES (95% CI) = − 0.3(− 0.4 to − 0.1); P = 0.04), SFTF vs. control (ES (95% CI) = 1.3(0.7-1.9); P = 0.01). For DASH, also, there were signiicant diferences between SFTF vs. SFT (ES (95% CI) = 1.8(1.1-2.4); P = 0.03), SFTF vs. control (ES (95% CI) = 4.4(3.3-5.4); P = 0.01), and SFT vs. control (ES (95% CI) = 2.6(1.8-3.4); P = 0.01). For scapular internal rotation (the sagittal or scapular planes), scapular upward rotation, and the scapular tilt, however, there were no diferences between SFTF vs. SFT. Conclusion Based on the study results, a rehabilitation program integrated with verbal feedbacks is efective to relieve pain, and improve function and scapular kinematics in patients with SIS. Adding feedback to an exercise therapy could clinically enhance outcomes in patients with SIS. Level of evidence Level II.Trial registration This study was prospectively registered at UMIN-CTR website, and the unique trail number is UMIN000036399.

People who have Down Syndrome (DS) usually have deficiencies in muscular strength, muscular endurance, the development of motor skills, postural control, and gait cycle. These muscular and balance deficits impair daily living activities in people with DS; therefore, attention to improving these factors in various recreational environments seems necessary. Thus, the present study aimed to compare two methods of suspended and non-suspended core stability exercises (Total Resistance exercises (TRX) and Swiss ball) on balance and muscular endurance in males with DS. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest and a control group design. The statistical sample of the study included 54 males aged 18-27 years with DS. Moreover, the samples were purposefully selected based on the study inclusion and exclusion criteria and were randomly divided into three groups (each group: 18 individuals). Stork test, Y Balance Test (YBT), and core stabilizer muscle endurance tests were used to evaluate static balance, dynamic balance, and muscular endurance, respectively. After measuring the pretest, the first and second groups and the control group continued core stability exercises with Swiss ball, core stability exercises with TRX, and their daily routine life activities for 8 weeks, respectively. Eventually, the posttest was performed after the completion of the trial. Results: The obtained results suggested that the core stability training groups with Swiss ball and TRX had a significant increase in the posttest scores of static balance, dynamic balance, and muscular endurance, compared to the control group. Post-hoc test results also illustrated that the mentioned difference was between both training groups and the training groups with the control group; therefore, in the variable of static balance, the core stability training group with Swiss ball demonstrated a more considerable increase than the core stability training group with TRX. However, in the variables of dynamic balance and muscular endurance, the core stability training group with TRX revealed more increase. Conclusion: This study indicated that the core stability exercises with Swiss ball improved static balance, dynamic balance, and muscular endurance in males with DS. Thus, such exercises can be used in a different enjoying environment to develop some fitness indicators in this group.

Introduction: Based on past studies, it has been found that congenital deafness is weak in maintaining balance, strength, coordination, and endurance. So, the reinforcement of different aspects of physical fitness of these individuals should be considered in order to improve their quality of life. So, the purpose of present study was to assess the Effect of Swiss Ball Exercises on Trunk Endurance, and Balance Functions in Student with Congenital Deafness. Methods: The statistical population of the study consisted of students with congenital hearing loss in Qazvin, 24 of who were selected and were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Functional tests were used to assess trunk endurance and balance. The intervention group performed the Swiss Ball training but control group continued their routine daily activities. Pre-test and post-test were performed by both groups before and after the training program. Independent ttest and covariance analysis were used to analyze the data. Result: According to the results of ANCOVA, there was a significant difference between the control and intervention groups in Trunk Endurance (p = 0.001), Static (p = 0.001) and Dynamic Balance (p = 0.001) tests after six weeks. Conclusion: Seems Swiss Ball training can provide a strong base for lower extremity movements by strengthening the core region of the body, thereby improving trunk endurance and balance functions in the deaf.

Background: The serratus anterior (SA) muscle is an important scapular stabilizer and has a profound role in retaining the scapulohumeral rhythm. Therefore, modified push-up plus (MPUP) has been advised to strengthen this muscle as a closed chain workout. However, few previous studies have reported the possibility of a reparative motion from pectoralis major (PM) that could replace and amend SA's function during push-up plus. Objectives: The current study examined MPUP's effect using biofeedback EMG on some of the selected scapular stabilizers. Methods: Sixteen healthy young subjects voluntarily participated in this study. Each subject performed push-ups, from the quadruped position, under two conditions (i.e., with or without visual and auditory biofeedback). Surface EMG measured pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and upper trapezius activity. A paired t-test was used to determine any statistically significant difference between the two conditions. Additionally, the effect size was calculated to quantify the magnitude of EMG biofeedback in each muscle. Results: MPUP training using biofeedback significantly increased SA muscle activity and decreased PM muscle activity, but there was no significant change in UT activity. Conclusions: Excessive PM activity was repressed because of biofeedback, and the workout was done with the enhancement of SA muscular activity. Thus, including biofeedback while doing MPUPs helps limit PM's supplementary action and enhance SA muscle activity.

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