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PAGPs were produced by phosphoric acid activation of metakaolin and were used as effective adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue from water.

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Synthesis of SnO nanoparticles have been successfully accomplished moderately at lower temperature by facile, rapid, efficient and mild ultrasonic irradiation method. The as-grown SnO nanoparticles are investigated by various characterization techniques in terms of structural, optical, electrical and gas sensing properties. XRD investigation has shown that the SnO nanoparticles materials exhibit single rutile crystal phase with high crystallinity. FESEM studies showed uniform and monodisperse morphology of SnO nanoparticles. The chemical composition of SnO was systematically studied by EDX measurements. Additional confirmation of three Raman shifts (432, 630, 772cm) indicated the characteristic properties of the rutile phase of the as-grown SnO nanoparticles. The optical properties of SnO nanoparticles were examined by DRS, and the electronic band gap of SnO nanoparticles were around 3.6eV. Electrical properties of the SnO nanoparticles measured at various temperatures have shown the semiconducting properties. Surface area and pore size of synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed from BET. It has been revealed that SnO nanoparticles have surface area is 47.8574m/g and the pore size is 10.5nm. Moreover, hydrogen gas sensor made of SnO nanoparticles showed good sensitivity and faster response for the hydrogen gas. This method is template-less and surfactant-free which circumvents rigorous reaction work-up for the former removal, reaction temperature and reaction time compared to hydrothermal synthesis and pertinent to many other oxide materials.

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