The increasing urban population has triggered a complex waste problem in Indonesian cities. Since the 1960s, waste generation in Indonesian urban areas has increased exponentially. Considering that municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a case-by-case issue, MWSM practices vary on the municipal level. This article aims to explore the implementation of MSWM in small and metropolitan cities. By distinguishing cities by their typology, this article hopes to understand the similarities and differences of MSWM characteristics. This study uses a case study approach in which Surabaya represents metropolitan cities and Mojokerto represents small cities. The paper compares the current conditions and challenges of MSWM. This study is based on a literature review but also includes simple statistical analysis to strengthen the arguments in this paper. The review found that there are differences in the implementation of MSWM in Surabaya and Mojokerto in almost all aspects. Surabaya faces more complex problems and challenges and comes up with several solutions such as cooperation with a Japanese city and it is tackling human resources issues. On the other side, MSWM in Mojokerto is mostly government-centered and the city still has to handle institutional limitations such as regulatory issues, limited resources, and lack of participation.

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Motivation: Progress in Indonesia towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 involves contestation between the global goals and the country's political ambition. The electrification rates ambition has triggered a policy trilemma. There are targets for meeting national energy demand; there are equally important targets for improving energy access and minimizing negative impacts on the environment. Purpose: This article illustrates idea contestation within Indonesia's rural electricity policy subsystem by: (1) analysing the position of the global sustainability storyline in pre-and post-SDG and Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) periods; and (2) exploring the dynamic of coalition structure within both periods. Methods and approach: The data is derived from statements of political actors in the national news articles and is analysed using Discourse Network Analysis. To investigate the influence of global agendas, we perform a timeframe analysis in pre-and post-SDG and NDC periods. Findings: Our analysis presented empirical evidence of the energy trilemma. The contestation between energy access, energy security, and climate change mitigation is observed in the ideas that emerged within the existing storylines. We find that sustainability has not been a primary topic of debate within the policy subsystem in pre-and post-SDG and NDC periods. The findings also reveal how the global deployment of sustainability has triggered the emergence of discursive intermediaries within the policy subsystem. They are essential to framing global environmental issues to fit into internal debates. Policy implications: First, the narration of implementing renewable energy has to emphasize its benefits over the energy poverty problem while injecting some messages related to environmental profit. Second, the issue of decentralization has always been the most frequent and mutually connected topic, both in terms of source utilization and governance. Therefore, it needs more attention from policy-makers.

Background Off-grid renewable electricity generation and distribution has become a cost effective way to supply electricity in rural areas remote from the grid system. However, in addition to the risk of not being able to pay for full cost tariffs, beneficiaries may not have the skills or time for the institutional and technical requirements to operate and maintain the technology. This might lead to sub-optimal functioning of off-grid renewable power plants and potentially to damage and abandonment. This raises the question of whether off-grid electricity benefits outweigh the effort and costs experienced by rural communities.Results We conducted a cost-benefit analysis of off-grid electricity in rural Sumba Island, Indonesia, which has been a focal area for implementation of off-grid electricity systems under the Indonesian government 'Iconic Island' programme. The research found a positive benefit-cost ratio when both market and non-market values were estimated suggesting that electricity is advantageous for rural households even without supporting interventions.Conclusions In conclusion we highlight the significance of non-market benefits of electricity. We argue that estimating the value of perceived benefits of electricity is pivotal for making decisions about intervention and formulating investment strategies for establishment of off-grid electricity systems.