Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading quickly and killing people across the board, including infants. The risk variables that indicate infant death are still uncertain, though. Examining risk signs for babies with COVID-19 was the aim of this study. Methods: Secondary data analysis was performed using provincial COVID-19 data from September 2021 to December 2022. For this study, 1000 children under the age of 18 were selected. In order to investigate the factors that led to fatalities in children diagnosed with COVID-19, chi-square analysis and binary logistic regression were utilized.  Results: According to this research, the frequency of infants dying from COVID-19 was 6.7%. Age, case classification, therapy state, disease intensity, and trip experience all significantly correlated with toddlers infected with the COVID-19 virus’s mortality rate. Age affects the likelihood of succumbing from COVID-19 (Adjusted odd ratio (AOR) =0.92; CI 95%=0.93-0.98). In addition, using ventilators while in the ICU (AOR=22.45; 95% CI=5.86-86.33), serious sickness (AOR=46.23; 95% CI=21.33-100.63), and travel history (AOR=1.87; 95% CI=1.92-2.83) were all clearly linked to a greater chance of mortality in kids with the COVID-19.  Conclusion: The greatest predictor of mortality was childhood illness that was serious.

The present study evaluated the prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance and the underlying mechanisms among Salmonella Typhi clinical strains from Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 174 Salmonella Typhi strains were isolated from the blood culture samples. The strains identification was done by using the API 20E system and VITEK®, while serovar validation was done by agglutination assays using antisera. Molecular characterization was done by PCR using the primers targeting the fliC-d gene of Salmonellaenterica serovar Typhi. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion procedure and the minimum inhibitory concentration using the broth microdilution technique. Moreover,plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were amplified through a polymerase chain reaction. Alarming rate of ciprofloxacin resistance (90.8%) were observed with high MICs ranging from <0.06 µg/mL to > 2.0 µg/mL.Overall, the qnrS gene was detected among every ciprofloxacin-resistant isolate, of which maximum frequency of qnrS genes was detected among isolates showing MICs <1.0 µg/mL, while 14 qnrSgene-positive isolates were showing very high MICs values 2.0 µg/mL.Moreover, the ciprofloxacin-resistantisolates, as well as the ten isolates showing intermediate resistance (MIC; 0.5 µg/mL), were negative for qnrA and qnrB genes. This study highlights that the quinolone resistance among S. Typhiis at a critical level that necessitates the need for alternative therapeutic measures and the development of new antibiotics.