This retrospective study of 9,980 women who delivered at the James Paget Hospital, Norfolk, UK, over 5 years, aimed to primarily determine whether the incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is higher in the presence of a female fetus. The results showed that more women with HG had a female fetus compared with women without HG. Also found was that heavy ketonuria was more prevalent in women with a female fetus compared with women with a male fetus, and the mean number of admissions per woman was also higher in women with a female fetus compared with women with a male fetus. It can be concluded that women presenting with HG are more likely to have a female fetus and that women with HG and a female fetus tend to a higher level of ketonuria and an increased number of hospital admissions.

Background: Currently, the world is in a challenging situation due to Covid-19. The ministry of health in Pakistan reported the first case of Covid-19 on 26th February 2020 in Karachi whereas on the same day in Islamabad, the second case was confirmed in Pakistan. Objective: To assess the prevalence and risk factors of covid-19 mortality and its impact on social life of Pakistani population Methodology: This retrospective study was carried out at the Department of Pathology, Gomal Medical College, Medical Teaching Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan for a period of ten months from March 2021 to December 2021. All the data was taken from the hospital record to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with the mortality of covid-19. For determining the influence of covid-19 on the social life, online survey was conducted. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 24. Results: In the current study, the overall prevalence of covid-19 was 6%. The most common risk factors associated with the covid-19 was Diabetes mellitus in 25 (71.43%) subjects, hypertension in 22 (62.86%), ischemic heart disease in 16 (45.71%) while chronic liver disease was observed in 3 (8.57%) subjects. According to the survey, 420 (70%) participants thought that covid-19 will be controlled worldwide while 450 (75%) subjects thought that covid-19 will be controlled in Pakistan. Worry of contracting covid-19 even with protective measures was observed in 420 (70%) subjects. Conclusion: Our study reported that the prevalence of covid-19 was 6%. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and ischemic heart disease were the major associated risk factors with the mortality of covid-19 and the overall impact of covid-19 on social life of Pakistani population was not good according to our study. Keywords: Covid-19; Prevalence; Mortality; Social life

Objective: To assess the knowledge of pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the study sites about birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) and their knowledge about warning signs during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2018 to April 2019 in two teaching hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan. Pregnant women aged 15-49 years were recruited after consent. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: Among 170 enrollees, 72.4% had not heard about BPCR. Transportation arrangements were done by 4.7%, blood donor arrangements by 10%, saving for emergency by 22.4%, and 42.4% identified a skilled provider. Prior selection of a health facility for delivery were done by 65.9%, and 71.8% received four or more antenatal visits. Vaginal bleeding (68%), placenta not delivered within 30 minutes of delivery (62.9%), and vaginal bleeding (51.8%) were reported as warning signs during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum, respectively. Conclusion: Knowledge of BPCR and warning signs during all three phases of pregnancy was low. The increased antenatal visits are an opportunity to educate the mothers about BPCR and warning signs.

Background: Iron deficiency anemia is a common health problem during pregnancy in developing countries. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency, distribution & determinants of iron deficiency anemia among third trimester pregnant women in our population. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan from October 2015 to March 2016. Sample size was 360 calculated through an online calculator. The inclusion criteria was third trimester pregnant women. Demographic variables were age in years, age groups and social class. Research variables were Hb in mg/dL, presence of iron deficiency anemia, grades of iron deficiency anemia (mild/ moderate/ severe) and iron intake (yes/no). Numeric variables such as age in years and Hb were analyzed as mean and SD, whereas rest of the variables being categorical as count and percentages. Chi-square tests of association was computed. Result: The mean age of the sample was 29.31 ±6.99 and CI of 27.92-30.70. The mean hemoglobin level was 10.33 ±1.7 and 95% CI of 9.99-10.67. The overall frequency of iron deficiency anemia was found out to be 52%, in which 25% were mild, 22% moderate and 5% were severely anemic. Women with middle class had higher frequency of 145 cases. Association of iron deficiency anemia with social class (χ2=7.95, p

Background: Questionnaires are the most commonly used data collection methods in applied research for assessment of inputs. It is a useful instrument if valid and reliable. Objectives; To establish, design and appraise the reliability and validity tool for measuring knowledge with skills among undergraduate students. Methods: An observational study conducted at Peshawar Medical College in six months’ duration through three stage process, after having approval of Institutional Review Board of Prime Foundation. Process initiated by slot regulation, component development and questionnaire generation with judgement analysis of instrument by an expert panel of five public health specialists for relevance, representativeness and transparency of each item based on Likert rating scale. Validity and reliability measured in the final steps. Suggestions put forward by the experts with item impact scores corresponded to face validity. Rewording, combination and elimination resulted in final 35 item instrument.Data was analysed through SPSS Version- 21 with computation of content validity ratio, content validity index, item content validity, scale validity, Kappa statistics and Cronbach’s Alpha values. Results: Mean years of experience for the panellists was 14.2 years with S. D + 5.2 (n= 5). Excellent CVR, I CVI, S CVI, Percent Agreement and Kappa statistics were calculated for the entire questionnaire as 1.The final 24 item knowledgesection had 0.732 Inter Class Correlation and acceptable Cronbach Alphaas 0.743, while the 11 item skill portion had 0.819 Inter Class Correlation with good Cronbach Alpha 0.890. Conclusions: The findings support the face and content validity of the questionnaire. Keywords: Instrument development and Validation, Competency, Knowledge, Skill, Assessment, Content Validity, Content Validity Ratio, Reliability, Questionnaire