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Transdermal hydrogels have the potential to improve therapeutic outcomes via enhancing bioavailability and reducing toxicity associated with oral delivery. The goal of the present study was to formulate and optimise argan oil loaded transdermal hydrogel containing lipid nanoparticles. The high pressure homogenization (HPH) method was utilised to fabricate Simvastatin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SIM-SLNs) with precirol ATO 5 as a lipid core and Poloxamer 407 (P407) to stabilise the core. The optimised nanoformulation was characterised for its particle diameter, zeta potential, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency, crystallinity and molecular interaction. Furthermore, transdermal hydrogel was characterised for physical appearance, rheology, pH, bio adhesion, extrudability, spreadability and safety profile. In vitro and ex vivo assays were executed to gauge the potential of SLNs and argan oil for transdermal delivery. The mean particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index (PDI) of the optimised nanoparticles were 205 nm, −16.6 mV and 0.127, respectively. Crystallinity studies and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed no molecular interaction. The in vitro release model explains anomalous non-Fickian release of drug from matrix system. Ex vivo skin penetration studies conducted through a fluorescence microscope confirmed penetration of the formulation across the stratum corneum. Hydrogel plays a crucial role in controlling the burst release and imparting the effect of argan oil as hypolipidemic agent and permeation enhancer.

Studies of pulsed laser annealing (PLA) of CdTe/CdMnTe quantum well structures are made in order to examine depth dependent effects in laser irradiated semiconductors. Since diffusion coefficients are strongly dependent on the temperature, depth resolution is achieved because the diffusion of Mn from the barriers into the quantum wells is depth dependent. Multiple quantum well (MQW) structures of CdTe/CdMnTe were annealed with single pulses from an XeCl laser at 308 nm. At a threshold of 90 mJ cm−2 two new emission bands are observed that are attributed to the diffusion of Mn from barrier layers to QWs. The diffusion associated with these bands, measured as the integrated product of the diffusion constant and time, is found to be 300 and 30 Å2. Calculations of the temperature, reached within the surface following PLA, using an analytical solution of the heat diffusion equation coupled with known high temperature diffusion coefficients predict the diffusion to decrease by one order of magnitude within one period at the top of the MQW stack. It is suggested that at the threshold surface melting occurs and that these emission bands arise from the QWs immediately beneath the melt front. The diffusion of Mn ions into the QWs is confirmed by magneto-optical data. A further emission band occurs at this same threshold with a Mn concentration above that of the concentration in the barrier layers of the MQW stack. This emission is attributed tentatively to the segregation of the Mn ion within the molten region following recrystallization.

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The present study encompasses the application of cost effective, organo-modified bentonite material for efficient desulfurization of model oil and real fuel. For the adsorptive desulfurization of oil, dibenzothiophene (DBT) was used as model compound. Various experimental parameters (time, temperature, adsorbent-amount and DBT concentration) were thoroughly investigated. The synthesized material was characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The modification exhibits the increase in interlayer spacing of clay as confirmed from XRD and modified material shows interesting morphology as compared to unmodified bentonite. The results showed that > 90% of DBT removal was achieved under optimized conditions for B-BTC, B-BTB and B-DSS and > 80% for B-BEHA, for model fuel oil which are greater than unmodified clay (< 45%). Additionally, the findings from desulfurization of real fuel oil declare that 96.76% and 95.83% removal efficiency was achieved for kerosene and diesel oil respectively, at optimized conditions and fuel properties follow ASTM specifications. The obtained findings well fitted with thermodynamic, isothermal (Langmuir) with adsorption capacity (70.8 (B-BTC), 66 (B-BTB), 61.2 (B-DSS) and 55.2 (B-BEHA) in mg/g) and pseudo-second-order kinetics. In thermodynamic studies, negative sign ($$\Delta G^\circ )$$ Δ G ∘ ) specifies the spontaneity whereas, $$\left(\Delta H^\circ \right)$$ Δ H ∘ endothermic and positive sign $$(\Delta S^\circ )$$ ( Δ S ∘ ) show randomness after DBT adsorption onto organoclay.