Nanozymes, a type of nanomaterial with intrinsic enzyme-like activities, have emerged as a promising tool for disease theranostics. As a type of artificial enzyme mimic, nanozymes can overcome the shortcomings of natural enzymes, including high cost, low stability, and difficulty in storage when they are used in disease diagnosis. Moreover, the multi-enzymatic activity of nanozymes can regulate the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various cells. For example, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity can be used to scavenge ROS, and peroxidase (POD) and oxidase (OXD) activity can be used to generate ROS. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the strategies and applications of nanozymebased disease theranostics. In addition, we address the opportunities and challenges of nanozyme-based catalytic theranostics in the near future.

Conjugated carbonyl electrode materials have attracted much attention because of their ability to store various cations, relatively high theoretical capacity, designability, and sustainability. In this Minireview, pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone (PTO) with four carbonyl functional groups served as the electrode material in secondary batteries. It exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, such as high theoretical specific capacity, high redox potential, and the high utility of active sites. Currently, there are many kinds of optimizations to address the high solubility of PTO in organic electrolytes and improve cycle stability. Forming polymers, immobilizing with carbon materials, changing polarity to form salts, and optimizing electrolytes, such as all-solid-state electrolytes, are mainly summarized. We hope this Minireview can provide a guideline for the development of high-performance secondary batteries using PTO.

A novel, low‐cost, label‐free impedance biosensor based on gold interdigitated electrodes (GIE) was developed for detection of lead. This sensor was developed by immobilizing GR‐5 DNAzymes onto the GIE surface through Au‐S bonding. In the presence of lead, the substrate strand was cleaved into two parts at the RNA site (rA) and caused changes in the interfacial properties of the GIE, resulting in a corresponding decrease in the impedance magnitude. Thus, by measuring the decrease, the concentration of lead ion can be determined. And coupled the GIE with GR‐5 DNAzyme recognition, our proposed lead biosensor exhibited a high sensitivity with a detection limit of 6.61 nM, which is much lower than the 72 nM defined as the maximum contamination level (MCL) of lead ions in drinking water by The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), at the same time, with a linear range from 10–100 nM and a prominent selectivity against other heavy metal ions. What's more, different from the traditional way, the GIE are made on printed circuit board (PCB), this makes the biosensor has the advantages of simplicity, low cost and easy mass production, and it can easily be widely used.

A QCM biosensor combined with NMBs has been proposed for Pb2+detection with a lower detection limit of 0.3 pM.

Organic electrode materials (OEMs) have attracted intensive attention owing to their high energy density, diverse structures and environmental friendliness. Unfortunately, the easy dissolution of OEMs in the organic liquid electrolytes (OLEs) severely damages the cycle stability of batteries. There is a hidden danger of catching fire due to a lot of heat generated from overcharge of the batteries. Moreover, OLEs are liable to leak and unstable at high voltage. Using solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) could effectively alleviate the above-mentioned problems at some extent. However, SSEs still show some weaknesses, including the large impedance of electrolyte-electrode interface (EEI) and low ion conductivity. In this review, the latest progress in the research of SSEs used in organic secondary batteries (OSBs) are summarized, with particularly focus on the ionic conductivity of SSEs, the combination of organic electrodes/ solid-state electrolytes, the optimization of EEI and the batteries cycle stability. Future directions for the development of OSBs are given from viewpoints of solid batteries.