Destructive effects of conventional insecticides on environment have created a necessity to introduce bio-rational products in pest control programs. Effectiveness of bio-pesticide (Beauvaria bassiana), natural oil (anti-insect), a botanical extract (nimbecidine) and malathion insecticide was evaluated against Thrips spp. and Bemisia tabaci attacking tomato in Kafr El Sheik, Egypt. The trial was conducted during two successive seasons; 2017-18 in a total area of 4912 m 2 cultivated with tomato cultivar zero 42. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with five replications for each treatment. Yellow sticky traps were used to monitor population of both pests before and after spraying, in addition, their numbers on plants were counted. Results revealed that highest control rates of both pests were recorded after the fourth day of each spraying. Long inter-applications periods decreased effectiveness and the greatest control resulted when three consecutive sprayings were applied. Malathion achieved the highest suppression of both pests. Within the bio-rational pesticides, nimbecidine gave the greatest thrips control whereas products showed no significant difference for whiteflies. The study recommends those bio-rational compounds to join Integrated Pest Management programs of both pests in Egypt, taking into consideration spraying for 3 consecutive times with at least 5 days intervals.

The research aimed to illustrate enzyme level such as liver and immune enzymes to detect toxic effect of chemical agriculture pesticides as biological indictors to chemical pesticides contamination. 102 laboratory mice were used as a model 20-25gm weight. 30 mice were used to determine LD50 which was 30 mg/mouse. Mice were divided in to three groups according to LD50. After exposed to three different concentration by three ways (Interaperitoneal,Oraly,and Spray). Results showed significant increased in enzymes levels of (ALP), (GOT), (GPT), and (ADA) after 7 days of the three different exposure, while after 14 days there was decreased in enzymes levels of (ADA), (GOT), and(ALP) with increases in (GPT) enzyme: according to use "interaperitoneal injection and spray method'', that companied by the appearance of gross pathological lesions in mice organs represented by hypertrophy of liver and there is many cysts filled with pus which related with increased in pesticide concentration and duration of exposure in addition to bile duct obstruction to some exposed group. The results show the possibility of the adoption of variation in the level of enzymes to give an idea of the type and the impact of the pesticide, which was subjected to the animals.