ÖZ Antioksidanlar, insanlarda normal fizyolojik durumlarda oluşan, lipid peroksidasyonuna, protein ve DNA hasarına, hücrelerin ölümüne ve bazı hastalıkların oluşumuna sebep olan serbest radikallerin olumsuz etkilerini azaltırlar. Bu nedenle sağlıklı, kaliteli bir yaşam için antioksidanlar ve oksidanlar arasında bir denge olması gerekir. Bu noktada gıdalardaki antioksidanlar önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, dengeli beslenmede önemli bir yeri olan sütün farklı hayvan türlerine göre içerdikleri total antioksidan kapasitelerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma da koyun, keçi ve inek olmak üzere üç farklı hayvan türünden elde edilen süt numuneleri kullanılmıştır. Her bir tür için 10 farklı hayvandan süt numunesi toplanmıştır. Süt numunelerinde asitlik, yağ, kuru madde tayini ve dansite ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Daha sonra sütlerin total antioksidan kapasitesi (TAC) ölçümleri için plazmaları elde edilmiş ve ticari kit kullanılarak spektrofotometrik yöntem ile süt plazmasında TAC ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Kuru madde, laktik asit ve yağ miktarı en yüksek olan sütün koyun sütü (p<0.05) olduğu, dansitesi en düşük olan sütün ise inek sütü olduğu görülmüştür (p<0.05). En düşük TAC değeri ise koyun sütünde tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Yapılan çalışmada, sütlerin TAC değerlerinin, hayvan türüne ve sütün içerdiği laktik asit, yağ ve kuru madde miktarına göre farklılık gösterebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Comparison of total antioxidant capacity of milk samples obtained from different species ABSTRACT Antioxidants reduce the negative effects of free radicals that formed in normal physiological conditions and causes lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA damage, death of the cells and cause of some diseases. Therefore, a balance should be crucial between oxidants and antioxidants for quality and healthy life. In this case, nutritional antioxidants are very important. Milk is very important for balanced nutrition. The aim of the current research is to evaluate the comparison the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of milk from different animal species. In this study, three different milk samples obtained from different animal species including goats, cows and sheeps were collected from 10 different animals for each species. Determination of acidity, fat, dry matter and density measurement was performed s. Subsequently plasma was gained from milk samples for TAC measurement of milk. TAC of the samples was measured by using commercially available kits with spectrophotometric technique. While sheep's milk has the most lipid, dry matter, lactic acid contents, cow's milk has the lowest density (p<0.05). On the other hand sheep's milk has the lowest TAC. TAC of the milk is changable with animal species and lactic acid, fat,dry matter inside the milk.

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Purpose: To determine the effect of high-fructose consumption on plasma levels of insulin, leptin, and adropin, as well as serum biochemical parameters in mature adult rats. Methods: Sixteen (16) mature adult rats were assigned to control group (CG) and fructose group (FG). The CG was fed ad libitum with standard rat feed and drinking water, while FG was fed standard rat feed and 20 % fructose in drinking water for 8 weeks. Plasma hormonal analyses for insulin, leptin and adropin were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while serum biochemical analysis was carried out with an autoanalyzer. Results: In FG, plasma levels of insulin and leptin significantly increased, while adropin levels decreased, when compared to CG (p < 0.05). On the other hand, while serum glucose and triglycerides were significantly increased by fructose feeding, total cholesterol, HDL-C and ALT levels were decreased (p < 0.05). Conclusion: High fructose consumption triggers metabolic syndrome in mature adult similar to young rats, resulting in hyperleptinemia and hyperinsulinemia. Moreover, high fructose consumption decreases plasma adropin levels.

Cadmium can cause oxidative damage in organisms through overproduction of free radicals and suppression of the antioxidant defense system. Resveratrol is known as a nutraceutical with antioxidant properties accepted to have protective effects to the toxicity of heavy metals. In this study, we investigated if resveratrol could overwhelm the toxic effect of sub-acute cadmium exposure. Animals were divided to the following groups: 1) Control, 2) Vehicle control, 3) Cadmium (Cd), 4) Resveratrol (Res), 5) Exposure to both Cd and Res (Cd+Res). Increased lipid peroxidation and total sialic acids were determined in testis and lung tissues of mice exposed to Cd with the decreased in paraoxonase (PON1) level and GSH amount. Interestingly, we also found an increased lipid peroxidation and NO levels in lung tissue of mice exposed to Res and Cd + Res, but not in testis tissue. Moreover, increased triglycerides, total cholesterol, very low-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins as well as reduced high-density lipoproteins were found in mice exposed to Cd and Cd + Res compared to controls. Our results revealed that cadmium induces oxidative damage in tissues, via increased lipid peroxidation, total sialic acids and decreased antioxidant levels as well as disturbs lipid profile. Moreover, our findings indicate that resveratrol may act as “ameliorative” factor against the cadmium exposure in only testis tissue. Thus, we may suggest that ameliorative effect of resveratrol may vary depending on the exposure dose, exposure duration and exposed tissues of animals to the heavy metals.

The research was conducted on 10 Merino rams to determine the effect of testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol levels on the sperm quality. A significant relationship was detected between blood and seminal plasma levels of testosterone (P ˂ 0.01). No GH on a measurable level was detected in the seminal plasma, and it was determined that plasma GH levels, just as testosterone levels began to increase with the approach of the reproductive season, and peaked at the start of the season. Plasma and seminal plasma cortisol levels, on the other hand, while increasing before the season, decreased significantly at the start of the season, and a remarkable correlation between plasma and seminal plasma levels was ascertained (P ˂ 0.01). An important negative relation which was observed between plasma GH levels and seminal plasma cortisol levels in Merino rams. It was found out that the hormones that were examined did not have a significant influence on sperm qualities, but there was an important negative relation only between the plasma GH levels and sperm volumes in the Merino (P ˂ 0.01). In conclusion, it may be stated that in rams, especially plasma testosterone and cortisol levels determine the plasma levels; both plasma and seminal plasma testosterone levels increase to a significant degree in the reproductive season.