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Background: Cranioplasty (CP) is associated with high complication rates compared to other common neurosurgical procedures. Several graft materials are used for CP, which may contribute to the high complication rates, but data in the literature regarding the influence of graft material on post-CP outcomes are inconsistent making it difficult to determine if, when, and to what extent the graft material impacts the rate of perioperative complications. There is an increased demand to identify and develop superior graft materials. Objective: To review and compare the indications, risks, complications, and patient results associated with the use of different graft materials for cranial reconstructions. Design: A search through EBSCO host was conducted using the keywords “craniectomy” or “decompressive craniectomy,” “cranioplasty,” and “materials.” The search was limited to literature published in the English language from 2005 until the present. Ultimately, 69 articles were included in this review. Due to the heterogeneity of the study populations, results, statistical analyses, and collecting methods, no statistical analyses could be performed. Conclusions: Several graft materials have been adapted for use in cranial reconstructions with inconsistent results making it unclear if or when one material may be indicated over others. Advances in computer-aided design have led to improved patient-specific implants, but the ideal graft material is still being sought after in ongoing research efforts. Reviewing materials currently available, as well as those in clinical trials, is important to identify the limitations associated with different implants and to guide future research.

Objective The aim of this study was to identify whether women who undergo a radical cystectomy for uroepithelial carcinoma are at increased risk of pelvic organ prolapse after surgical treatment. Methods A retrospective cohort study compared female subjects who had undergone a radical cystectomy for uroepithelial carcinoma, as identified through an institutional cancer survivor database, with subjects who presented to the Pelvic Health and Continence Clinic with symptoms of either uterovaginal prolapse or urinary incontinence. Demographic data were collected regarding risk factors for prolapse, and study subjects were asked to complete a Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory (POPDI-6). Data were collected through retrospective chart review. The primary outcome is difference in the POPDI-6 between the groups. Statistical evaluation of responses was performed, with analysis of variance used to compare the questionnaire scores between groups and correction for risk factors with χ2 tests, with a P value of 0.05 selected for statistical significance. Results There were 36 postcystectomy subjects who responded to the survey, 37 subjects in the prolapse group, and 44 subjects in the incontinence group. With correction for age, body mass index, and number of vaginal deliveries, the postcystectomy group reported significantly lower scores on the POPDI-6 than both the prolapse group (P < 0.0001) and the incontinence group (P = 0.0003). Conclusions Radical cystectomy for uroepithelial carcinoma does not correlate with an increased risk of patient-reported symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse.

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