No abstract

The main purpose of the present study is to reveal the effects of economic policies, as one of the macro environmental factors that affect the marketing, on the sale of automobiles. Eight different data sets, which include totally 72 months belonged to 2005-2010 years has been used. These data have analyzed by multiple regression and neural network method. The variables like as euro exchange, the vehicle loans rate presented by the banks and tax deduction made by the government for the automobile sector has affected the sale of automobiles; besides, the inflation rate, automobile and oil prices, income of the consumers and advertising expenditures of the businesses have no effects on the sales. In addition that multiple regression and nueral network analysis was compared with each other. Finally, neural network has better performance in the selling prediction than regression model. It is an original study that measures the effects of the macro environmental factors on the sales of automobile enterprises in Turkey.

The financial troubles of Ottoman Empire which started in 16th century reached its ultimate point in 19th century. The Ottoman Empire searching to get rid of these troubles directed towards making some reform activities during the Tanzimat Era. Some of the money needed for these reform activities was met via the external borrowings which the Ottoman Empire had applied reluctantly and then could not preclude. During the period of 1854-1876 which was included in the Tanzimat Era and called as the first borrowing period, the Ottoman Empire signed 15 external borrowing agreements totally. However, the loans received as a result of these agreements were not used properly and then the budget deficit could not be settled. At the end of these developments, a financial bankruptcy was experienced in the Ottoman Empire in 1876.

The role of energy for the developmental process of nations is a known fact due to being crucial input for any phase of production of goods and services. That’s the reason why countries that are rich in energy resources also have strategic power in terms of the international trade of these resources. On the other hand, it becomes important to provide energy security for countries that are resource-poor. Although green energy has become preferred one, fossil fuel energy keeps its place as one of the most used energy resources. That's why in this study it is aimed to determine major providers and users of coal as a type of fossil fuel energy resources. It is vital to investigate the structure of global coal trade structure to determine the weaknesses and strength of supply and use of coal. Network approach provides a holistic view to the system analyzed and presents more realistic (high-degree) indicators to analyze it. In this study, global trade network of coal is analyzed from 2000 to 2017 via network analysis. Changing structure and evolution of global coal trade has been revealed via some topological parameters which are specific to complex networks such as density, clustering, assortativity/disassortativity, centrality and degree distribution.

Küreselleşme sürecinde ülkelerin daha entegre bir yapılanmaya gitmesiyle birlikte ülkeler arasındaki iktisadi faaliyetlerin hacminde olduğu kadar insan hareketliliğinde de önemli artışlar meydana gelmiştir. Konuya Avrupa Birliği kapsamında bakıldığında, birlik içerisinde Almanya'nın bir cazibe merkezi özelliği taşıdığı görülmektedir. Zira 2017 yılı itibariyle birlik içinde en fazla göç alan ülkenin Almanya olduğu, göçün büyük kısmının ise Orta ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinden gerçekleştiği görülmüştür. Teorik açıdan ise bir ülkeye gerçekleşen göçün, o ülkenin dış ticareti üzerinde etkili olduğu bilinen bir olgudur. Çeşitli kanallar aracılığıyla göç, ülkenin gerek ithalatını gerek ihracatını arttırabilmektedir. Bu kapsamda, bu çalışmada Almanya'nın Orta ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinden 2000-2016 döneminde aldığı göçün, ülkenin dış ticareti üzerinde etki yaratıp yaratmadığının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Panel çekim modeli ile gerçekleştirilen analiz sonucunda söz konusu dönemde Almanya'nın adı geçen ülkelerden aldığı göçün ülkenin ithalatı ve ihracatı üzerinde anlamlı bir etki oluşturmadığı bulgusu elde edilmiştir. Buna karşılık, Almanya'nın ihracatı üzerinde ülkelerin Gümrük Birliği'ne üyeliklerinin ve GSYH'lerinin pozitif, kişi başına düşen gelir düzeylerinin ve Almanya ile aralarındaki uzaklığın ise negatif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.