Background: Achilles tendinopathy, seen in athletes and manual labor workers, is an inflammatory condition characterized by chronic tendon pain. Owing to the toxicity that develops in various organs attributed to the use of anti–inflammatory drugs, there is a need for new therapeutic agents. Purpose: In the present study, the effects of quercetin (Que), the one that attracted the most attention of researchers studying this group of flavonoids, were investigated against collagenase–induced tendinopathy. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 35 Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. Tendinopathy was created by injecting a single dose of collagenase (10 μL; 10 mg/mL) into the tendons of rats. Thirty minutes after the injection, Que was administered at doses of 25 or 50 mg/kg. Que administration was carried out for 7 days. Animals underwent a motility test at the end of the study. In addition, markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy, as well as the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs 2, 3, 9, and 13), ICAM-1, and STAT3, were measured in tendon tissues with biochemical, molecular, and Western blot techniques. Results: The results showed that oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy were triggered by the injection of collagenase. In addition, MMPs, ICAM-1, and STAT3 were activated to participate in the development of tendinopathy. Que was found to reduce ICAM-1 levels in tendon tissue. Moreover, Que showed antioxidant, anti–inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antiautophagic effects on tendons against tendinopathy. More important, Que suppressed the expression of MMPs in the tendon tissues. Conclusion: Que has protective properties against collagenase–induced tendon damage in rats. Clinical Relevance: We believe that with further study, Que may be shown to be an alternative treatment option for athletes or others who experience tendon injuries.

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In the present study, it is aimed to evaluate the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) against acute paw inflammation induced by carragenan (Carr) at macro and micro levels. Therefore, in this study, 1 hour after administering intraperitoneal of indomethacin (Ind) or CAPE (10 and 30 mg/kg body weight) to Sprague Dawley rats, Carr was injected intraplantarly into their right paws. The paw volumes of the rats were measured with a plethysmometer until the 4th hour. Also, X-ray and thermal camera images were taken to determine edema and temperature changes. At the end of the study, after the paw tissues and serums were taken, oxidative stress and inflammation status were determined using biochemical, molecular, and western blot techniques. In addition, lipid and protein profiles in paw tissue were determined using HPTLC and electrophoresis methods. The results depicted that a high dose of CAPE against Carr-induced inflammation may be almost as effective as Ind used as reference.

Oxaliplatin (OXL) is a chemotherapeutic drug used for metastatic and other types of cancer, but it causes peripheral neuropathy as a dose‐limiting side effect. Herein, we used the rat model of OXL‐induced peripheral neuropathy to demonstrate the protective effects of naringin (NRG) in this neuropathy. In this study, rats were injected with OXL (4 mg/kg, body weight, i.p.) in 5% glucose solution 30 min after oral administration of NRG (50 and 100 mg/kg, body weight) on the 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 6th days. OXL caused sensory and motor neuropathy (as revealed by the hot plate, tail flick, rota‐rod, and cold hyperalgesia tests) in the sciatic nerve of rats. Coadministration of oral NRG alleviated OXL‐induced sensory and motor neuropathy. Levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2, Heme oxygenase‐1, nuclear factor‐κ B, tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β, Bax, Bcl‐2, caspase‐3, paraoxonase, mitogen‐activated protein kinase 14, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), acetylcholinesterase, and arginase 2 in the sciatic nerve tissues were assessed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, the protein levels of caspase‐3, Bax, Bcl‐2, intercellular adhesion molecules‐1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and nNOS were examined by Western blot analysis. NRG treatment significantly improved all the above‐mentioned parameters and reduced OXL‐induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the sciatic nerve tissue. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that NRG significantly attenuated OXL‐induced peripheral neuropathy and might be considered as a new protective agent to prevent the OXL‐induced peripheral neuropathy.

Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the characterization of tumors and tumor-like lesions located in the clavicle and to present their clinical results. Patients and methods Between January 2006 and December 2018, a total of 44 patients (25 males, 19 females; mean age: 36.2±21.8 years; range, 2 to 87 years) who were operated in our clinic for a clavicular lesion were included. Among 4,856 extremity tumors operated in our clinic between these years, 44 cases (0.9%) located in the clavicle were eligible. Demographic data, tumor types, location, surgical method, metastasis, survival analyzes and clinical results of these patients were reviewed retrospectively. According to the clavicle location, the patients were divided into groups according to their involvement in proximal, middle, lateral and more than one region. Results The most frequently involved site was the lateral edge of the clavicle, and the most common tumor was aneurysmal bone cyst. The most common malignant tumor was Ewing sarcoma and plasmacytoma (13.6%) and the most common surgical method in the clavicle was wide resection with 34.1%. Of the 38 primary clavicle tumors remaining after the metastatic lesions were removed, 21 (55%) were benign, while 17 (45%) were malignant. Aneurysmal bone cyst was most common in the group under 30 years of age, osteochondroma was most common in the 30-50 age group, and plasmacytoma was most common in those over 50 years of age. The mean musculoskeletal tumor society (MSTS) score of 15 patients (34.1%) who underwent clavicle resection was 79.4±6. Conclusion We believe that a wide spectrum should be considered in the differential diagnosis of tumors located in the clavicle. Age is an important predictive factor for malignancy. We believe that resection should be applied without fear considering its effects on function and recurrence.