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Abstract. Asriyana A, Halili H. 2021. Reproductive traits and spawning activity of striped eel catfish (Plotosidae) in Kolono Bay, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3020-3028. Reproduction is a natural process for a species to ensure its sustainability in nature. This study aimed to investigate the reproductive traits and spawning activity of the striped eel catfish in Kolono Bay, South Konawe District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. A total of 965 individuals were collected monthly from June 2020 to May 2021 by using bottom experimental gillnets. Spent/spawning stages of the male and female fish were found during the East season (June-August). The proportions of the spent/spawning stages of male and female fish were 60% and 55.56% and the values of the gonadal somatic index were 1.19 ± 0.53 and 2.19 ± 3.47, respectively during the East season, indicate occurring the peak spawning in this season. Females matured gonads more rapidly at 198.3 mm compared to males at 224.5 mm. Female fecundity was 1,730 ± 390 eggs, with an egg diameter of about 0.11-1.35 mm. Striped eel catfish is a total spawner fish that has one mode of egg distribution pattern. During the East season, it needs protection for spawning. The findings will help in designing effective management and developmental strategies to conserve the striped eel catfish population in the future.

Benih lobster merupakan stadia post larva yang bentuknya sudah menyerupai lobster dewasa namun belum memiliki pigmen dan rangka luar yang keras kemudian bersifat planktonis dan melayang-layang dalam air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelimpahan benih lobster (Panulirus spp.), hubungan kelimpahan benih lobster dengan kedalaman serta parameter kualitas perairan. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan Februari-September 2019, bertempat di Perairan Desa Ranooha Raya, Kabupaten Konawe Selatan. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada 3 titik stasiun pengamatan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif eksploratif dan analisis data menggunakan analisis korelasi. Kelimpahan benih lobster (Panulirus spp.) diperoleh dengan menggunakan alat tangkap pocong (shelter) sedangkan pengambilan data kualitas perairan dilakukan secara in situ. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan benih lobster tertinggi yaitu pada stasiun II (kedalaman 4 meter) berjumlah 221 individu dan kelimpahan terendah pada stasiun I (kedalaman 6 meter) berjumlah 155 individu. Jenis benih lobster yang ditemukan yaitu jenis benih lobster mutiara (Panulirus ornatus) dan jenis benih lobster pasir (Panulirus homarus). Persentase kelimpahan relatif tertinggi yaitu jenis benih lobster mutiara sebesar 75% dan persentase kelimpahan relatif terendah jenis benih lobster pasir sebesar 55,56%. Hasil analisis korelasi hubungan kelimpahan benih lobster berdasarkan kedalaman diperoleh nilai hubungan yang kuat. Parameter kualitas perairan masih mendukung untuk kehidupan benih lobster seperti arus, suhu, kedalaman, kecerahan, pH, salinitas dan DO (Dissolve Oxygen). Parameter kecepatan arus merupakan faktor yang sangat mempengaruhi keberadaan benih lobster (Panulirus spp.) di perairan.Kata Kunci: Benih Lobster (Panulirus spp.), Kelimpahan, Kedalaman Perairan, Parameter Perairan.

Abstract. Asriyana A, Irawati N, Halili H. 2020. Length-weight relationships and ponderal index of three reef fish (Teleostei: Labridae) off the Tanjung Tiram coast, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1279-1286. Parameters of length-weight relationship and ponderal index were estimated for first time for three reef fish (Labridae), Cheilinus trilobatus, Cheilinus chlorourus, and Choerodon anchorago, off the Tanjung Tiram coast, Indonesia. A total of 292 specimens (C. trilobatus 146 specimens; C. chlorourus 100 specimens; C. anchorago 46 specimens) were collected monthly in experimental gillnets in coral reefs and seagrass beds from January to June 2018. The length-weight relationship and ponderal index were calculated for each species. C. trilobatus showed total length and weight of 9.0-17.2 cm and 12.33-78.79 g, respectively, while C. chlorourus was 8.5-17.5 cm and 10.41-100.21 g, and C. anchorago 9.0-27.0 cm and 18.51-414.00 g. C. trilobatus showed negative allometric growth, while C. chlorourus and C. anchorago had isometric growth. The length-weight relationship of C. trilobatus followed the linear equation of W=0.10TL2.35, while C. chlorourus and C. anchorago fit to W=0.03TL2.83; W=0.03TL2.91 respectively. The highest ponderal index occurred in May for C. trilobatus and in June for C. chlorourus and C. anchorago indicating a peak of the spawning season. The study results could be used as baseline information for future fisheries management of the area.

This paper aims to discuss on civil society, its prospects and challenges. It is urgent because civil society is a determining factor of lndonesia democratization. Civil society is a society within state which containing social association which has ability to fill public spaces between state and citizen, and interactwith state independt1y, wether indivual or collective. Prospect qf civil societyfarming is determined by establishment ofsome components: 1) existence cf societal autonomy, 2) access ofpublic to state agencies, 3) independent public arena; 4) arena publik yang mandiri, dan keempat arena publik yang terbuka. Prospect of ciuil society deuelopmentis influenced by optimalization ofsome factors: 1) establishment of, demo­cratic families, 2) growth of roles of non government organization toward both state and citizen, 3) increase of intellectual middle class, especially students, and 4) implementation of political education formally (e.g. civic or citizenship education) and informally. The challenges of future of civil society are: 1) high of social fragmentation among people, 2) limited distribution of development results infold ofeconomy, social, and education, and also 4) paternalistic culture which is stiO strong among society.