Background The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide since the beginning of 2020, placing the heavy burden on the health systems all over the world. The population that particularly has been affected by the pandemic is the group of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Having taken the public health in considerations, we have decided to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of diabetes mellitus on in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19. Methods A systematic literature review (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane) including all published clinical trials or observational studies published till December 10, 2020, was performed using following terms “diabetes mellitus” OR “diabetes” OR “DM” AND “survival” OR “mortality” AND “SARS-CoV-2” OR “COVID-19”. Results Nineteen studies were included out of the 7327 initially identified studies. Mortality of DM patients vs non-DM patients was 21.3 versus 6.1%, respectively (OR = 2.39; 95%CI: 1.65, 3.64; P < 0.001), while severe disease in DM and non-DM group varied and amounted to 34.8% versus 22.8% (OR = 1.43; 95%CI: 0.82, 2.50; P = 0.20). In the DM group, the complications were observed far more often when compared with non-DM group, both in acute respiratory distress (31.4 vs. 17.2%; OR = 2.38; 95%CI:1.80, 3.13; P < 0.001), acute cardiac injury (22.0% vs. 12.8%; OR = 2.59; 95%CI: 1.81, 3.73; P < 0.001), and acute kidney injury (19.1 vs. 10.2%; OR = 1.97; 95%CI: 1.36, 2.85; P < 0.001). Conclusions Based on the findings, we shall conclude that diabetes is an independent risk factor of the severity of COVID-19 in-hospital settings; therefore, patients with diabetes shall aim to reduce the exposure to the potential infection of COVID-19. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00592-021-01701-1.

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For Turner syndrome (TS) patients, smooth transition from pediatric to adult health care is a critical point. The study objective was to evaluate the medical follow-up of young women with TS in one clinical center 3 years after the latest guidelines had been introduced by the TS Study Group. A questionnaire study was performed in 59 TS adults selected from a database of 117 patients. Twenty-two of them, aged 23.0 ± 2.8 years, consented to participate. Nineteen responders (86.4%) were followed up by general practitioners who were not aware of the TS diagnosis in 14 (63.6%) cases. Eight (36.4%) were seen regularly by the relevant specialists. Adequate medical assessment varied from 5% (celiac serology) to 74% (gynecology assessment) and 82% (ear-nose-throat) of participants. None of the patients had undergone all of the recommended investigations according to recommendation. Height deficiency, body mass index, age at TS diagnosis and level of education did not correlate with the number of assessments performed (p = 0.687, p = 0.810, p = 0.641, and p = 0.568, respectively). Three years after the introduction of the current guidelines, medical follow-up in the transition phase is still inadequate. Improvement in transitional health care is warranted through better patient education, referring to physicians caring for adults with TS and better cooperation with general practitioners with wider popularization of the TS recommendations among them.

A b s t r a c tBackground: Drowning is a common issue at many pools and beaches, and in seas all over the world. Lifeguards often act as bystanders, and therefore adequate training in high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and use of adequate equipment by lifeguards is essential. Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the recently introduced CPRMeter (Laerdal, Stavanger, Norway) on quality of CPR, if used by moderately experienced CPR providers. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that using the CPRMeter improves quality of chest compression by lifeguards compared to standard non-feedback CPR. Methods:The study was designed as prospective, randomised, cross-over manikin trial. Fifty lifeguards of the Volunteer Water Rescue Service (WOPR), a Polish nationwide association specialised in water rescue, participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to one of two groups: a feedback group and a non-feedback group. Participants swim a distance of 25 m in the pool, and then they were asked to haul a manikin for the second 25 m, simulating rescuing a drowning victim. Once participants finished the second 25-m distance, participants were asked to initiate 2-min basic life support according to the randomisation. Results:The median quality of CPR score for the 2-min CPR session without feedback was 69 (33-77) compared to 84 (55-93) in the feedback group (p < 0.001). Compression score, mean depth, rate of adequate chest compressions/min, and overall mean rate during the CPR session improved significantly in the feedback group, compared to the non-feedback group. Conclusions:Using the visual real-time feedback device significantly improved quality of CPR in our relatively unexperienced CPR providers. Better quality of bystander CPR is essential for clinical outcomes, and therefore feedback devices should be considered. Further clinical studies are needed to assess the effect of real-time visual devices, especially in bystander-CPR.

A b s t r a c tBackground and aim: Recent American Heart Association guidelines from 2010 and 2015 stressed the importance of high-quality chest compression and defined standards for compression rate, depth, recoil, and maximal acceptable time for interruptions. High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the "cornerstone" of a system of care that can optimise outcomes beyond the return of spontaneous circulation. Methods:One hundred medical students were enrolled to the study. Study participants, after attending a Basic Life Support Course according to American Heart Association 2015 guidelines, performed 2-min CPR on a Resusci Anne ® QCPR Manikin. The following data were collected: age, sex, and health status. The study made use of a Tanita MC-980 MA for body composition analysis.Results: Mean height of participants was 170.2 ± 8.3 cm, and mean weight was 65 ± 11.8 kg. Mean body mass index was 22.1 ± 2.7, and mean fat-free mass (FFM) was 50.1 ± 10.5 kg. The mean fat mass (FAT%) was 22.9 ± 7.6. Basal metabolic rate, FFM, trunk muscle mass, left arm muscle mass, and right arm muscle mass were positively correlated with compression depth (all p for trend < 0.05). Mean compression depth was 49.7 ± 8.4 (for female 48.7 ± 7.9 mm, for male 42.4 ± 9.5 mm; p = 0.144). Compression rate for males and females was the same, at 114 ×/min (p = 0.769). Conclusions:In our study, basal metabolic rate, FFM, trunk muscle mass, and left and right arm muscle mass were positively correlated with compression depth. Moreover, an arm muscle mass rise of 1 kg caused a rise of compression depth parameter of 7.3 mm, while when chest compression was performed by females, a fall of compression depth of 3.3 mm was seen.